{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:32:02Z","timestamp":1777185122405,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Earth Science LCLUC MuSLI","award":["80NSSC18K0337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0337"]}]},{"name":"NASA Spectral Bio-Indicators of Ecosystem Photosynthetic Efficiency","award":["NNH09ZDA001N-TE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH09ZDA001N-TE"]}]},{"name":"NASA Earth Science Technology","award":["NNH14ZDA001N-AIST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH14ZDA001N-AIST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a critical need for sensitive remote sensing approaches to monitor the parameters governing photosynthesis, at the temporal scales relevant to their natural dynamics. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and chlorophyll fluorescence (F) offer a strong potential for monitoring photosynthesis at local, regional, and global scales, however the relationships between photosynthesis and solar induced F (SIF) on diurnal and seasonal scales are not fully understood. This study examines how the fine spatial and temporal scale SIF observations relate to leaf level chlorophyll fluorescence metrics (i.e., PSII yield, YII and electron transport rate, ETR), canopy gross primary productivity (GPP), and PRI. The results contribute to enhancing the understanding of how SIF can be used to monitor canopy photosynthesis. This effort captured the seasonal and diurnal variation in GPP, reflectance, F, and SIF in the O2A (SIFA) and O2B (SIFB) atmospheric bands for corn (Zea mays L.) at a study site in Greenbelt, MD. Positive linear relationships of SIF to canopy GPP and to leaf ETR were documented, corroborating published reports. Our findings demonstrate that canopy SIF metrics are able to capture the dynamics in photosynthesis at both leaf and canopy levels, and show that the relationship between GPP and SIF metrics differs depending on the light conditions (i.e., above or below saturation level for photosynthesis). The sum of SIFA and SIFB (SIFA+B), as well as the SIFA+B yield, captured the dynamics in GPP and light use efficiency, suggesting the importance of including SIFB in monitoring photosynthetic function. Further efforts are required to determine if these findings will scale successfully to airborne and satellite levels, and to document the effects of data uncertainties on the scaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T11:41:03Z","timestamp":1551267663000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in Chlorophyll Fluorescence Associated with Photosynthesis at Leaf and Canopy Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petya K. E.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (JCET), University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA"},{"name":"Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space and Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl F.","family":"Huemmrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (JCET), University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA"},{"name":"Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space and Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space and Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai\u2019i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Julitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JB Hyperspectral Devices UG, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig S. T.","family":"Daughtry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JB Hyperspectral Devices UG, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Russ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Kustas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/51.345.659","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence-A practical guide","volume":"51","author":"Maxwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larcher, W. (2003). Physiological Plant Ecology, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05214-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(98)80143-0","article-title":"Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence corrected for re-absorption by means of absorption and reflectance measurements","volume":"152","author":"Gitelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"135","article-title":"Non-invasive Quantification of Foliar Pigments: Principles and Implementation","volume":"Volume II","author":"Thenkabail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Nguy-Robertson, A., Arkebauer, T., and Gitelson, A.A. (2017). Assessment of Canopy Chlorophyll Content Retrieval in Maize and Soybean: Implications of Hysteresis on the Development of Generic Algorithms. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030226"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"309","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Freden","year":"1974","journal-title":"Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90059-S","article-title":"A Narrow-Waveband Spectral Index That Tracks Diurnal Changes in Photosynthetic Efficiency","volume":"44","author":"Gamon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"103","article-title":"A visible band index for remote sensing leaf chlorophyll content at the canopy scale","volume":"21","author":"Hunt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03064.x","article-title":"Assessment of photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency with spectral reflectance","volume":"131","author":"Filella","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050337","article-title":"The photochemical reflectance index: An optical indicator of photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency across species, functional types, and nutrient levels","volume":"112","author":"Gamon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.021","article-title":"Remote sensing of ecosystem light use efficiency using MODIS","volume":"187","author":"Middleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"649","article-title":"Sun angle, view angle, and background effects on spectral response of simulated balsam fir canopies","volume":"52","author":"Ranson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photogrammic Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.024","article-title":"A PRI-based water stress index combining structural and chlorophyll effects: Assessment using diurnal narrow-band airborne imagery and the CWSI thermal index","volume":"138","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01214643","article-title":"Application of chlorophyll fluorescence in ecophysiology","volume":"25","author":"Lichtenhaler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Jones, H.G., and Vaughan, R.A. (2011). Remote Sensing of Vegetation: Principles, Techniques and Applications, Oxford University Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.11.012","article-title":"Bidirectional sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission is influenced by leaf structure and light scattering properties\u2014A bottom-up approach","volume":"158","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00028527","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in plant physiology","volume":"5","author":"Krause","year":"1984","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(89)80016-9","article-title":"The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"990","author":"Genty","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-004-7360-x","article-title":"Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, Volume 19: Chlorophyll a fluorescence: A signature of photosynthesis","volume":"83","author":"Jee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence: A probe of photosynthesis in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert208","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: A guide to good practice and understanding some new applications","volume":"64","author":"Murchie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(02)00366-3","article-title":"Resolution of the Photosystem I and Photosystem II contributions to chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves at room temperature","volume":"1556","author":"Franck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.017","article-title":"Fluspect-B: A model for leaf fluorescence, reflectance and transmittance spectra","volume":"186","author":"Vilfan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-008-9292-3","article-title":"A new monitoring PAM fluorimeter (MONI-PAM) to study the short- and long-term acclimation of photosystem II in field conditions","volume":"96","author":"Pfundel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x","article-title":"Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: Past, present and future","volume":"9","author":"Baldacci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6857","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126857","article-title":"Integrating Solar Induced Fluorescence and the Photochemical Reflectance Index for Estimating Gross Primary Production in a Cornfield","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01908.x","article-title":"Remote sensing of sun-induced fluorescence to improve modeling of diurnal courses of gross primary production (GPP)","volume":"16","author":"Damm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062943","article-title":"Red and far red Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence as a measure of plant photosynthesis","volume":"42","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schickling, A., Matveeva, M., Damm, A., Schween, J., Wahner, A., Graf, A., Crewell, S., and Rascher, U. (2016). Combining Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index improves diurnal modeling of gross primary productivity. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070574"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middleton, E.M., Rascher, U., Corp, L.A., Huemmrich, K.F., Cook, B.D., Noormets, A., Schickling, A., Pinto, F., Alonso, L., and Damm, A. (2017). The 2013 FLEX - US Airborne Campaign at the Parker Tract Loblolly Pine Plantation in North Carolina, USA. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060612"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombo, R., Celesti, M., Bianchi, R., Campbell, P., Cogliati, S., Cook, B., Corp, L., Damm, A., Domec, J., and Guanter, L. (2018). Variability of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence according to stand age-related processes in a managed loblolly pine forest. Glob. Chang. Biol., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14097"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048738","article-title":"New global observations of the terrestrial carbon cycle from GOSAT: Patterns of plant fluorescence with gross primary productivity","volume":"38","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-637-2011","article-title":"First observations of global and seasonal terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from space","volume":"8","author":"Joiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.06.022","article-title":"The seasonal cycle of satellite chlorophyll fluorescence observations and its relationship to vegetation phenology and ecosystem atmosphere carbon exchange","volume":"152","author":"Joiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joiner, J., Yoshida, Y., Guanter, L., and Middleton, E.M. (2016). New methods for the retrieval of chlorophyll red fluorescence from hyperspectral satellite instruments: Simulations and application to GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2015-387"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, A.F., Verstraeten, W.W., Kooreman, M.L., van Leth, T.C., Beringer, J., and Joiner, J. (2016). Spaceborne sun-induced vegetation fluorescence time series from 2007 to 2015 evaluated with Australian flux tower measurements. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110895"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070775","article-title":"Multiscale analyses of solar-induced florescence and gross primary production","volume":"44","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802036391","article-title":"Evaluation of remote sensing of vegetation fluorescence by the analysis of diurnal cycles","volume":"29","author":"Alonso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.11.004","article-title":"Contribution of chlorophyll fluorescence to the apparent vegetation reflectance","volume":"404","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Campbell, P.K.E., Middleton, E.M., Corp, L.A., van der Tol, C., Huemmrich, K.F., Cendrero-Mateo, M.P., and Leifeld, J. (2014, January 22\u201324). Diurnal and phenological changes in vegetation fluorescence and reflectance, indicative of vegetation photosynthetic properties and function. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Remote Sensing of Vegetation Fluorescence, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.003","article-title":"Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Review of methods and applications","volume":"113","author":"Meroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyber, R., Malenovsk\u00fd, Z., Ashcroft, M.B., Osmond, B., and Robinson, S.A. (2017). Do daily and seasonal trends in leaf solar induced fluorescence reflect changes in photosynthesis, growth or light exposure?. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060604"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, L., Van Wittenberghe, S., Amor\u00f3s-L\u00f3pez, J., Vila-Franc\u00e9s, J., G\u00f3mez-Chova, L., and Moreno, J. (2017). Diurnal cycle relationships between passive fluorescence, PRI and NPQ of vegetation in a controlled stress experiment. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080770"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13590","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence tracks seasonal variations of photosynthesis from leaf to canopy in a temperate forest","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goulas, Y., Fournier, A., Daumard, F., Champagne, S., Ounis, A., and Marloie, O. (2017). Gross Primary Production of a Wheat Canopy Relates Stronger to Far Red Than to Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010097"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Middleton, E.M., Corp, L.A., and Cook, B. (2019, February 25). FUSION Canopy Tower System for Remote Sensing Observations of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Available online: ftp:\/\/fusionftp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/FUSION\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru191","article-title":"Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: Mechanisms and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Atherton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.027","article-title":"Continuous and long-term measurements of reflectance and sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence by using novel automated field spectroscopy systems","volume":"164","author":"Cogliati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.031","article-title":"Impact of varying irradiance on vegetation indices and chlorophyll fluorescence derived from spectroscopy data","volume":"156","author":"Damm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.06.014","article-title":"Directly estimating diurnal changes in GPP for C3 and C4 crops using far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"232","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer, K.R., Wang, R., and Gamon, J.A. (2017). Parallel Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis, Fluorescence, and Reflectance Indices in Boreal Trees. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070691"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2621820","article-title":"The FLuorescence EXplorer Mission Concept-ESA\u2019s Earth Explorer 8","volume":"55","author":"Drusch","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2018, December 20). PhenoCam\u2014An Ecosystem Phenology Web Camera Network. Available online: https:\/\/phenocam.sr.unh.edu\/webcam\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"FLUXNET 2015, FLUXNET-ORNL (2018, December 10). Hosted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, Available online: URL https:\/\/fluxnet.ornl.gov\/)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Julitta, T., Burkart, A., Rossini, M., Schickling, A., Colombo, R., Rascher, U., and Cogliati, S.M. (2019, February 25). FLoX: A System for Automatic Long Term Measurements of Top of Canopy Sun Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence. Available online: https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/w8umv5j9nvk5p5w\/Abstract-book.pdf?dl=0."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.027","article-title":"Using leaf chlorophyll to parameterize light-use-efficiency within a thermal-based carbon, water and energy exchange model","volume":"115","author":"Houborg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.06.008","article-title":"Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USA","volume":"126","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00167-7","article-title":"Remote sensing of photosynthetic-light-use efficiency of boreal forest","volume":"101","author":"Nichol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"3","article-title":"Recent Developments in Remote Estimation of Crop Biophysical and Biochemical Properties at Various Scales","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Thenkabail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Julitta, T., Wutzler, T., Rossini, M., Colombo, R., Cogliati, S., Meroni, M., Burkart, A., and Migliavacca, M. (2017). An R Package for Field Spectroscopy: From System Characterization to Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Retrieval, ESA ESRIN."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Julitta, T. (2019, January 24). FieldSpectroscopy CC and FieldSpectroscopy DP Packages. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/tommasojulitta."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.022","article-title":"Retrieval of sun-induced fluorescence using advanced spectral fitting methods","volume":"169","author":"Cogliati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90131-3","article-title":"Vegetation canopy PAR absorptance and the normalized difference vegetation index: An assessment using the SAIL model","volume":"39","author":"Goward","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(83)90030-4","article-title":"Assessing the interception of photosynthetically active radiation in winter wheat","volume":"28","author":"Hipps","year":"1983","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Orfanidis, S.J. (1996). Introduction to Signal Processing, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JG004180","article-title":"Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Photosynthesis, and Light Use Efficiency of a Soybean Field from Seasonally Continuous Measurements","volume":"123","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"6025","article-title":"An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiance observations, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance","volume":"6","author":"Verhoef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002713","article-title":"Models of fluorescence and photosynthesis for interpreting measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"119","author":"Berry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Verrelst, J., Rivera, J.P., Alonso, L., and Moreno, J. (2011). An Automated Radiative Transfer Models Operator (ARTMO) Toolbox for Automated Retrieval of Biophysical Parameters through Model Inversion, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"ESAS, and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2018). Thriving on Our Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8830","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708830","article-title":"The EnMAP spaceborne imaging spectroscopy mission for earth observation","volume":"7","author":"Guanter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"European Space Agency (ESA) (2015). Report for Mission Selection, FLEX. ESA SP-1330\/2 Volume 2, European Space Agency."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/5\/488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:35:06Z","timestamp":1760186106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/5\/488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11050488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11050488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]}}}