{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:35:42Z","timestamp":1760240142079,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]],"date-time":"2019-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009496","name":"Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hatch Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oklahoma Cooperative Extension","award":["Smith-Lever Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Smith-Lever Fund"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013657","name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["The USGS 104(b) grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The USGS 104(b) grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013657","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface energy balance models have been one of the most widely used approaches to estimate spatially distributed evapotranspiration (ET) at varying landscape scales. However, more research is required to develop and test an operational framework that can address all challenges related to processing and gap filling of non-continuous satellite data to generate time series of ET at regional scale. In this study, an automated modeling framework was developed to construct daily time series of ET maps using MODIS imagery and the Surface Energy Balance System model. The ET estimates generated from this modeling framework were validated against observations of three eddy-covariance towers in Oklahoma, United States during a two-year period at each site. The modeling framework overestimated ET but captured its spatial and temporal variability. The overall performance was good with mean bias errors less than 30 W m\u22122 and root mean square errors less than 50 W m\u22122. The model was then applied for a 14-year period (2001\u20132014) to study ET variations across Oklahoma. The statewide annual ET varied from 841 to 1100 mm yr\u22121, with an average of 994 mm yr\u22121. The results were also analyzed to estimate the ratio of estimated ET to reference ET, which is an indicator of water scarcity. The potential applications and challenges of the ET modeling framework are discussed and the future direction for the improvement and development of similar automated approaches are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Modeling Framework for Deriving Daily Time Series of Evapotranspiration Maps Using a Surface Energy Balance Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kul","family":"Khand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems &amp; Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9438-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Taghvaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems &amp; Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}]},{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Gowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK 73036, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-7650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formation Environmental LLC, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-005-5187-z","article-title":"A Landsat-based energy balance and evapotranspiration model in Western US water rights regulation and planning","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irrig. 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