{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:29:30Z","timestamp":1762298970661,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]],"date-time":"2019-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["607131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["607131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, spatial organization in salt marshes was shown to contain vital information on system resilience. However, in salt marshes, it remains poorly understood what shaping processes regulate spatial patterns in soil or vegetation properties that can be detected in the surface reflectance signal. In this case study we compared the effect on surface reflectance of four major shaping processes: Flooding duration, wave forcing, competition, and creek formation. We applied the ProSail model to a pioneering salt marsh species (Spartina anglica) to identify through which vegetation and soil properties these processes affected reflectance, and used in situ reflectance data at the leaf and canopy scale and satellite data on the canopy scale to identify the spatial patterns in the biophysical characteristics of this salt marsh pioneer in spring. Our results suggest that the spatial patterns in the pioneer zone of the studied salt marsh are mainly caused by the effect of flood duration. Flood duration explained over three times as much of the variation in canopy properties as wave forcing, competition, or creek influence. It particularly affects spatial patterns through canopy properties, especially the leaf area index, while leaf characteristics appear to have a relatively minor effect on reflectance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Using Remote Sensing to Identify Drivers behind Spatial Patterns in the Bio-physical Properties of a Saltmarsh Pioneer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bas","family":"Oteman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5011-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward Peter","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real (C\u00e1diz), Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real (C\u00e1diz), Spain"}]},{"given":"Tjeerd Joris","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2319-056X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne","family":"van der Wal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00048036","article-title":"Spatial pattern and ecological analysis","volume":"80","author":"Legendre","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertness, M.D., and Ellison, A.M. (1987). Determinants of pattern in a New England salt marsh plant community. Ecol. Monogr., 129\u2013147.","DOI":"10.2307\/1942621"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20838.x","article-title":"Early warning signals also precede non-catastrophic transitions","volume":"122","author":"Dakos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ncomms15811","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15811","article-title":"Vegetation recovery in tidal marshes reveals critical slowing down under increased inundation","volume":"8","author":"Kirwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218327110","article-title":"Vegetation engineers marsh morphology through multiple competing stable states","volume":"110","author":"Marani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanta, A., Ganguly, S., Hashimoto, H., Devadiga, S., Vermote, E., Knyazikhin, Y., Nemani, R.R., and Myneni, R.B. (2010). Amazon forests did not green-up during the 2005 drought. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL042154"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Murad, H., and Islam, A. (2011, January 8\u201310). Drought assessment using remote sensing and GIS in north-west region of Bangladesh. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Water & Flood Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.018","article-title":"Assessing the sensitivity of MODIS to monitor drought in high biomass ecosystems","volume":"115","author":"Caccamo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-010-0057-z","article-title":"Assessing NDVI spatial pattern as related to irrigation and soil salinity management in Al-Hassa Oasis, Saudi Arabia","volume":"39","author":"Aldakheel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0140","article-title":"Regional-scale assessment of soil salinity in the Red River Valley using multi-year MODIS EVI and NDVI","volume":"39","author":"Lobell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.006","article-title":"Mapping salt-marsh vegetation by multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing","volume":"105","author":"Belluco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, K., Atzberger, C., Danner, M., D\u2019Urso, G., Mauser, W., Vuolo, F., and Hank, T. (2018). Evaluation of the PROSAIL model capabilities for future hyperspectral model environments: a review study. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010085"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-011-0129-8","article-title":"Inversion of PROSAIL model for retrieval of plant biophysical parameters","volume":"40","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90022-P","article-title":"Inversion of the PROSPECT+ SAIL canopy reflectance model from AVIRIS equivalent spectra: theoretical study","volume":"44","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00083-2","article-title":"A method of biophysical parameter retrieval at global scale by inversion of a vegetation reflectance model","volume":"67","author":"Bicheron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2307\/1351627","article-title":"Dependence of fishery species on salt marshes: the role of food and refuge","volume":"7","author":"Boesch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deegan, L.A., Hughes, J.E., and Rountree, R.A. (2002). Salt marsh ecosystem support of marine transient species. Concepts and controversies in tidal marsh ecology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47534-0_16"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Chmura, G.L. (2011). What do we need to assess the sustainability of the tidal salt marsh carbon sink?. Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5809","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160801958405","article-title":"Radar detection of wetland ecosystems: a review","volume":"29","author":"Henderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2006.05.003","article-title":"Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation: Results from a UK East coast saltmarsh","volume":"69","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150349","article-title":"Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values","volume":"319","author":"Barbier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2251","article-title":"Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kudella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(99)00016-6","article-title":"The ecological basis for economic value of seafood production supported by mangrove ecosystems","volume":"29","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.09.005","article-title":"The role of economic, policy, and ecological factors in estimating the value of carbon stocks in Everglades mangrove forests, South Florida, USA","volume":"66","author":"Jerath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.15406\/bij.2018.02.00051","article-title":"Economic Value Estimation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Indonesia","volume":"2","author":"Rizal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biodivers. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s100219900055","article-title":"Californian salt-marsh vegetation: an improved model of spatial pattern","volume":"2","author":"Zedler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(01)00253-8","article-title":"A simple empirical model of salt marsh plant spatial distributions with respect to a tidal channel network","volume":"139","author":"Sanderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestri, S., and Marani, M. (2004). Salt-Marsh Vegetation and Morphology: Basic Physiology, Modelling and Remote Sensing Observations. Ecogeomorphology Tidal Marshes, 5\u201325.","DOI":"10.1029\/CE059p0005"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-018-4078-6","article-title":"A natural history model of New England salt marsh die-off","volume":"186","author":"Pettengill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-010-9385-7","article-title":"Relationship of salt marsh vegetation zonation to spatial patterns in soil moisture, salinity, and topography","volume":"13","author":"Moffett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2004.08.010","article-title":"Tidal regime, salinity and salt marsh plant zonation","volume":"62","author":"Silvestri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2307\/1940774","article-title":"Salt marsh plant zonation: the relative importance of competition and physical factors","volume":"73","author":"Pennings","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumeier, U., and Ciavola, P. (2004). Flow resistance and associated sedimentary processes in a Spartina maritima salt-marsh. J. Coast. Res., 435\u2013447.","DOI":"10.2112\/1551-5036(2004)020[0435:FRAASP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1588","article-title":"Trade-offs related to ecosystem engineering: A case study on stiffness of emerging macrophytes","volume":"86","author":"Bouma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1890\/09-0690.1","article-title":"Comparing ecosystem engineering efficiency of two plant species with contrasting growth strategies","volume":"91","author":"Bouma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.05.013","article-title":"Hydrodynamic forcing on salt-marsh development: Distinguishing the relative importance of waves and tidal flows","volume":"89","author":"Callaghan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508379103","article-title":"Critical bifurcation of shallow microtidal landforms in tidal flats and salt marshes","volume":"103","author":"Fagherazzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertness, M.D., and Hacker, S.D. (1994). Physical stress and positive associations among marsh plants. Am. Nat., 363\u2013372.","DOI":"10.1086\/285681"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[2471:CASMPZ]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Competition and salt-marsh plant zonation: stress tolerators may be dominant competitors","volume":"82","author":"Emery","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, P., Li, L., and Barry, D.A. (2013). Tidal influence on soil conditions in an intertidal creek-marsh system. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012WR012290"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-015-0647-1","article-title":"Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Content and Stock in a Tidal Salt Marsh with Tamarix chinensis, China","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90100-Z","article-title":"PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.07.017","article-title":"Spatial patterns, rates and mechanisms of saltmarsh cycles (Westerschelde, The Netherlands)","volume":"76","author":"Herman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.03.019","article-title":"Regression-based synergy of optical, shortwave infrared and microwave remote sensing for monitoring the grain-size of intertidal sediments","volume":"111","author":"Herman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-004-7102-2","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of water quality along the estuarine salinity gradient of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium and The Netherlands): results of an integrated monitoring approach","volume":"540","author":"Struyf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wal, D., Li, X., Belzen, J., Herman, P.M.J., Hu, Z., Ge, Z., Zhang, L., and Bouma, T.J. (2017). Zooming in and out: scale-dependence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting salt marsh erosion. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JF004193"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02781988","article-title":"Relationship of intertidal surface sediment chlorophyll concentration to hyperspectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"29","author":"Kromkamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07535","article-title":"Distribution and dynamics of intertidal macrobenthos predicted from remote sensing: response to microphytobenthos and environment","volume":"367","author":"Herman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Paree, E. (2017). Toelichting op de zoute ecotopenkaart Westerschelde 2016 - Biologische monitoring zoute rijkswateren, Rijkswaterstaat Ministerie Infrastructuur en Milieu."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Tolman, M.E., and Pranger, D.P. (2012). Toelichting bij de Vegetatiekartering Westerschelde 2010. Rijkswaterstaat Minist. van verkeer en Waterstaat Delft, 1\u2013114. Available online: http:\/\/publicaties.minienm.nl\/documenten\/toelichting-bij-de-vegetatiekartering-westerschelde-2010-op-basi."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(84)90057-9","article-title":"Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: the SAIL model","volume":"16","author":"Verhoef","year":"1984","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.01.026","article-title":"PROSPECT+ SAIL models: A review of use for vegetation characterization","volume":"113","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Lehnert L., W., Meyer, H., and Bendix, J. HSDAR: Manage, analyse and simulate hyperspectral data in R. R package version 0.5.0. (2016). Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/hsdar\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.05.020","article-title":"Sensitivity of spectral reflectance to variation in live fuel moisture content at leaf and canopy level","volume":"92","author":"Bowyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1590\/S2197-00252013005000001","article-title":"Leaf Equivalent Water Thickness assessment using reflectance at optimum wavelengths","volume":"25","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Beleites, C., and Sergo, V. (2017, August 01). HyperSpec: a package to handle hyperspectral data sets in R\u2019, R package version 0.98-20150304. Available online: http:\/\/hyperspec.r-forge.r-project.org."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049809354661","article-title":"Extraction of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) biomass and leaf area index parameters from high resolution imagery","volume":"13","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Van der Meijden, R. (1996). Heukels\u2019 Flora van Nederland 22e druk, Wolter-Noordhof."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(89)90036-1","article-title":"Modelling light distribution within the canopy of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora as a function of canopy biomass and solar angle","volume":"46","author":"Morris","year":"1989","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90013-N","article-title":"The spectral image processing system (SIPS)\u2014interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data","volume":"44","author":"Kruse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.004455","article-title":"Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data Part II Homogeneous Lambertian and anisotropic surfaces","volume":"46","author":"Kotchenova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feagin, R.A., Martinez, M.L., Mendoza-Gonzalez, G., and Costanza, R. (2010). Salt marsh zonal migration and ecosystem service change in response to global sea level rise: a case study from an urban region. Ecol. Soc., 15.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03724-150414"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/s90402719","article-title":"Retrieving leaf area index (LAI) using remote sensing: theories, methods and sensors","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.09.012","article-title":"Optimal modalities for radiative transfer-neural network estimation of canopy biophysical characteristics: Evaluation over an agricultural area with CHRIS\/PROBA observations","volume":"115","author":"Verger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2004.09.029","article-title":"The RapidEye mission design","volume":"56","author":"Tyc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sozzi, M., Marinello, F., Pezzuolo, A., and Sartori, L. (2018, January 8\u201311). Benchmark of Satellites Image Services for Precision Agricultural use. Proceedings of the AgEng Conference, Wageningen, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"360","article-title":"Non-destructive estimation of potato leaf chlorophyll from canopy hyperspectral reflectance using the inverted PROSAIL model","volume":"9","author":"Botha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Tripathi, R., Sahoo, R.N., Sehgal, V.K., Gupta, V.K., Bhattacharya, B.B.K., Gupta, K., and Bhattacharya, B.B.K. (2009). Remote Sensing Derived Composite Vegetation Health Index Through Inversion of Prosail for Monitoring of Wheat Growth in Trans Gangetic Plains of India. ISPRS Arch. XXXVIII-8\/W3 Work. Proc. Impact Clim. Chang. Agric., 319\u2013325."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"12","article-title":"Inversion of the PROSAIL model to estimate leaf area index of maize, potato, and sunflower fields from unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral data","volume":"26","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.011","article-title":"Mapping spatio-temporal variation of grassland quantity and quality using MERIS data and the PROSAIL model","volume":"121","author":"Si","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1041176","article-title":"Estimating winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) LAI and leaf chlorophyll content from canopy reflectance data by integrating agronomic prior knowledge with the PROSAIL model","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2016.1171925","article-title":"Estimating potato leaf chlorophyll content using ratio vegetation indices","volume":"7","author":"Kooistra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kearney, M.S., Stutzer, D., Turpie, K., and Stevenson, J.C. (2009). The effects of tidal inundation on the reflectance characteristics of coastal marsh vegetation. J. Coast. Res., 1177\u20131186.","DOI":"10.2112\/08-1080.1"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2307\/2657068","article-title":"Leaf optical properties in higher plants: linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration","volume":"88","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2745.2000.00492.x","article-title":"Lower limits of Spartina densiflora and S. maritima in a Mediterranean salt marsh determined by different ecophysiological tolerances","volume":"88","author":"Castillo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(96)80287-2","article-title":"Vegetation stress: an introduction to the stress concept in plants","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/5\/511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:35:52Z","timestamp":1760186152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/5\/511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11050511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11050511","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]}}}