{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:13:12Z","timestamp":1763705592154,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX15AP36A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AP36A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G14AC00370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G14AC00370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2013, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) Infrared and Visible Optical Sensors Subgroup (IVOS) established the Radiometric Calibration Network (RadCalNet), consisting of four international test sites providing automated in situ measurements and estimates of propagated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance. This work evaluates the \u2018reliability\u2019 of RadCalNet TOA reflectance data at three of these sites\u2014RVUS, LCFR, and GONA\u2014using Landsat 7 ETM+, Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI), and Sentinel 2A\/2B (S2A\/S2B) MSI TOA reflectance data. This work identified a viewing angle effect in the MSI data at the RVUS and LCFR sites; when corrected, the overall standard deviation in relative reflectance differences decreased by approximately 2% and 0.5% at the RVUS and LCFR sites, respectively. Overall, the relative mean differences between the RadCalNet surface data and sensor data for the RVUS and GONA sites are within 5% for ETM+, OLI, and S2A MSI, with an approximately 2% higher difference in the S2B MSI data at the RVUS site. The LCFR site is different from the other two sites, with relative mean differences ranging from approximately -10% to 1%, even after performing the viewing angle effect correction on the MSI data. The data from RadCalNet are easy to acquire and use. More effort is needed to better understand the behavior at LCFR. One significant improvement on the accuracy of the RadCalNet data might be the development of a site-specific BRDF characterization and correction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T10:52:22Z","timestamp":1551955942000},"page":"541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Evaluation of RadCalNet Output Data Using Landsat 7, Landsat 8, Sentinel 2A, and Sentinel 2B Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3425-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory, College of Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory, College of Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2895-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cibele","family":"Teixeira Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory, College of Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Helder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory, College of Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wenny, B., Bouvet, M., Thome, K.J., Czapla-Myers, J.S., Fox, N., Gory, P., Henry, P., Meygret, A., Li, C., and Ma, L. (2016, January 12\u201314). RadCalNet: A prototype radiometric calibration network for Earth observing imagers. Proceedings of the Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation (JACIE) Workshop, Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"RadCalNet Technical Working Group (2019, March 05). RadCalNet Guidance: Instrumentation and Data Processing (QA4EO-WGCV-RadCalNet-G3_v1); Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.radcalnet.org\/documentation\/RadCalNetGenDoc\/G3-RadCalNetGuidance-InstrumentationAndDataProcessing_V1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-076","article-title":"Radiometric calibration of earth-observing sensors using an automated test site at Railroad Valley, Nevada","volume":"36","author":"Thome","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"University of Arizona (2016). 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Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/5\/541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:36:38Z","timestamp":1760186198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/5\/541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11050541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11050541","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]}}}