{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:40:01Z","timestamp":1792708801223,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-01223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-01223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000623","name":"Royal Geographical Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dudley Stamp Memorial Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dudley Stamp Memorial Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000623","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES1309-36593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES1309-36593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Miniaturized thermal infrared (TIR) cameras that measure surface temperature are increasingly available for use with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, deriving accurate temperature data from these cameras is non-trivialsince they are highly sensitive to changes in their internal temperature and low-cost models are often not radiometrically calibrated. We present the results of laboratory and field experiments that tested the extent of the temperature-dependency of a non-radiometric FLIR Vue Pro 640. We found that a simple empirical line calibration using at least three ground calibration points was sufficient to convert camera digital numbers to temperature values for images captured during UAV flight. Although the camera performed well under stable laboratory conditions (accuracy \u00b10.5 \u00b0C), the accuracy declined to \u00b15 \u00b0C under the changing ambient conditions experienced during UAV flight. The poor performance resulted from the non-linear relationship between camera output and sensor temperature, which was affected by wind and temperature-drift during flight. The camera\u2019s automated non-uniformity correction (NUC) could not sufficiently correct for these effects. Prominent vignetting was also visible in images captured under both stable and changing ambient conditions. The inconsistencies in camera output over time and across the sensor will affect camera applications based on relative temperature differences as well as user-generated radiometric calibration. Based on our findings, we present a set of best practices for UAV TIR camera sampling to minimize the impacts of the temperature dependency of these systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1552044119000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Challenges and Best Practices for Deriving Temperature Data from an Uncalibrated UAV Thermal Infrared Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7370-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9650-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"Kljun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per-Ola","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, CETAL, RO77125 Margurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2998-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengt","family":"Liljeblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6626-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Weslien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Klemedtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Eklundh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USGS (2018). 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