{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:31:50Z","timestamp":1760369510294,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]],"date-time":"2019-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41590855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201706280348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201706280348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Moon-based Earth radiation observatory (MERO) could provide a longer-term continuous measurement of radiation exiting the Earth system compared to current satellite-based observatories. In order to parameterize the detector for such a newly-proposed MERO, the evaluation of the instrument\u2019s entrance pupil irradiance (EPI) is of great importance. The motivation of this work is to build an EPI estimating model for a simplified single-pixel MERO instrument. The rationale of this model is to sum the contributions of every location in the MERO-viewed region on the Earth\u2019s top of atmosphere (TOA) to the MERO sensor\u2019s EPI, taking into account the anisotropy in the longwave radiance at the Earth TOA. Such anisotropy could be characterized by the TOA anisotropic factors, which can be derived from the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) angular distribution models (ADMs). As an application, we estimated the shortwave (SW) (0.3\u20135 \u00b5m) and longwave (LW) (5\u2013200 \u00b5m) EPIs for a hypothetic MERO instrument located at the Apollo 15 landing site. Results show that the SW EPI varied from 0 to 0.065 W\/m2, while the LW EPI ranged between 0.061 and 0.075 W\/m2 from 1 to 29 October, 2017. We also utilized this model to predict the SW and LW EPIs for any given location within the MERO-deployable region (region of 80.5\u00b0W\u201380.5\u00b0E and 81.5\u00b0S\u201381.5\u00b0N on the nearside of the Moon) for the future 18.6 years from October 2017 to June 2036. Results suggest that the SW EPI will vary between 0 and 0.118 W\/m2, while the LW EPI will range from 0.056 to 0.081 W\/m2. Though the EPI estimating model in this study was built for a simplistic single-pixel instrument, it could eventually be extended and improved in order to estimate the EPI for a multi-pixel MERO sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1552362571000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Entrance Pupil Irradiance Estimating Model for a Moon-Based Earth Radiation Observatory Instrument"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wentao","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Deep Earth Science and Green Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenwei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065837","article-title":"Evidence for large decadal variability in the tropical mean radiative energy budget","volume":"295","author":"Wielicki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103159","article-title":"Do satellites detect trends in surface solar radiation?","volume":"308","author":"Pinker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1029\/RG024i002p00391","article-title":"The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Nonscanner Instrument","volume":"24","author":"Luther","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev. 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