{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:18:54Z","timestamp":1774351134593,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]],"date-time":"2019-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.2018YFB0504800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2018YFB0504800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.2017YFC0209704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2017YFC0209704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Common Application Support Platform for Land Observation Satellite of National Civil Space Infrastructure","award":["No. 17QFGW02KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 17QFGW02KJ"]}]},{"name":"Integrated Space-ground Evaluation Technology of Satellite Application","award":["No. Y7K00100KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. Y7K00100KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On-orbit radiometric calibration of a space-borne sensor is of great importance for quantitative remote sensing applications. Cross-calibration is a common method with high calibration accuracy, and the core and emphasis of this method is to select the appropriate reference satellite sensor. As for the cross-calibration of high-spatial resolution and narrow-swath sensor, however, there are some scientific issues, such as large observation angles of reference image, and non-synchronization (or quasi-synchronization) between the imaging date of reference image and the date of sensor to be calibrated, which affects the accuracy of cross-calibration to a certain degree. Therefore, taking the GaoFen-1 (GF-1) Panchromatic and Multi-Spectral (PMS) sensor as an example in this research, an innovative radiometric cross-calibration method is proposed to overcome this bottleneck. Firstly, according a set of criteria, valid MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer) images of sunny day in one year over the Dunhuang radiometric calibration site in China are extracted, and a new and distinctive bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model based on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and imaging angles of the sunny day MODIS images is constructed. Subsequently, the cross-calibration of PMS sensor at Dunhuang and Golmud radiation calibration test sites is carried out by using the method presented in this paper, taking the MODIS image with large solar and observation angles and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) with different dates from PMS as reference. The validation results of the calibration coefficients indicate that our proposed method can acquire high calibration accuracy, and the total calibration uncertainties of PMS using MODIS as reference sensor are less than 6%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Radiometric Cross-Calibration of GF-1 PMS Sensor with a New BRDF Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-281X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1744-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS2967.1","article-title":"The Global Space-Based Inter-Calibration System","volume":"92","author":"Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewison, T. (2012, January 22\u201327). Temporal and spatial variability in Meteosat\/SEVIRI images for the Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS). Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6350658"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.896541","article-title":"MODIS Reflective Solar Bands On-Orbit Lunar Calibration","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"88661L","article-title":"A synthesis of VIIRS solar and lunar calibrations","volume":"8866","author":"Eplee","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPIE Earth Obs. Syst. XVIII"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.928730","article-title":"Vicarious Calibration of ASTER via the Reflectance-Based Approach","volume":"46","author":"Thome","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.005649","article-title":"On-orbit vicarious calibration of ocean color sensors using an ocean surface reflectance model","volume":"46","author":"Werdell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739104","article-title":"In-flight calibration of the POLDER polarized channels using the Sun\u2019s glitter","volume":"37","author":"Toubbe","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954561","article-title":"Absolute calibration of AVHRR visible and near-infrared channels using ocean and cloud views","volume":"15","author":"Vermote","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00211-1","article-title":"Selection and characterization of Saharan and Arabian desert sites for the calibration of optical satellite sensors","volume":"58","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"117","article-title":"The research overview on visible and near-infrared channels radiometric calibration of space-borne optical remote sensor","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Inf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00211-5","article-title":"A generalized approach to the vicarious calibration of multiple Earth observation sensors using hyperspectral data","volume":"77","author":"Teillet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813210","article-title":"Cross comparison of EO-1 sensor and other Earth resources sensors to Landsat-7 ETM+ using Railroad Valley Playa","volume":"41","author":"Thome","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836387","article-title":"Cross calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI sensor","volume":"42","author":"Chander","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.839085","article-title":"Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ absolute radiometric calibration using the reflectance-based method","volume":"42","author":"Thome","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.005","article-title":"Landsat cross-calibration based on near simultaneous imaging of common ground targets","volume":"102","author":"Teillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2235448","article-title":"Multitemporal cross-calibration of the Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ reflectance solar bands","volume":"51","author":"Angal","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"105","article-title":"Cross-calibration of GF-1 WFV and SJ-9A PMS sensors based on homogeneous land surface targets","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACTA Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2456","article-title":"Research of radiometric cross-calibration about GF-1 satellite sensors","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Feng, L., Pang, X., Gong, W., and Zhao, X. (2016). Radiometric cross Calibration of Gaofen-1 WFV Cameras Using Landsat-8 OLI Images: A Simple Image-Based Method. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050411"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4847","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2552242","article-title":"Cross-calibration of gf-1 pms sensor with landsat 8 oli and terra modis","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.031","article-title":"Radiometric cross-calibration of Gaofen-1 WFV cameras using Landsat-8 OLI images: A solution for large view angle associated problems","volume":"174","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7247","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2310233","article-title":"Cross-calibration of HJ-1\/CCD over a desert site using Landsat ETM+ imagery and ASTER GDEM product","volume":"52","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10763","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810763","article-title":"Cross-calibration of GF-1\/WFV over a desert site using Landsat-8\/OLI imagery and ZY-3\/TLC data","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, A., Zhong, B., Wu, S., and Liu, Q. (2017). Radiometric Cross-Calibration of GF-4 in Multispectral Bands. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030232"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"5","article-title":"Technology characters of GF-1 satellite","volume":"36","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosp. China"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/40\/1\/320","article-title":"MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization","volume":"40","author":"Xiong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2008.04.008","article-title":"NASA EOS Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit performance","volume":"43","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"395","article-title":"Vicarious calibration of Aqua and Terra MODIS","volume":"5151","author":"Thome","year":"2003","journal-title":"SPIE-Earth Obs. Syst. VIII"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12619","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212275","article-title":"Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager Radiometric Calibration and Stability","volume":"6","author":"Markham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024048429145","article-title":"The solar spectral irradiance from 200 to 2400 nm as measured by the SOLSPEC spectrometer from the ATLAS and EURECA missions","volume":"214","author":"Thuillier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2019, March 01). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Available online: https:\/\/modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov\/brdf.html."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841980","article-title":"An algorithm for the retrieval of albedo from space using semiempirical BRDF models","volume":"38","author":"Lucht","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:40:16Z","timestamp":1760186416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11060707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11060707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]]}}}