{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T01:13:51Z","timestamp":1771982031032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 3 June 2018, a strong eruption of the Fuego volcano in Guatemala produced a dense cloud of 10-km-high volcanic ash and destructive pyroclastic flows that caused nearly 200 deaths and huge economic losses in the region. Subsequently, due to heavy rains, destructive secondary lahars were produced, which were not plotted on the hazard maps using the LAHAR Z software. In this work we propose to complement the mapping of this type of lahars using remote-sensing (Differential Interferometry, DINSAR) in Sentinel images 1A and 2A, to locate areas of deformation of the relief on the flanks of the volcano, areas that are possibly origin of these lahars. To determine the trajectory of the lahars, parameters and morphological indices were analyzed with the software System for Automated Geoscientific Analysis (SAGA). The parameters and morphological indices used were the accumulation of flow (FCC), the topographic wetness index (TWI), the length-magnitude factor of the slope (LS). Finally, a slope stability analysis was performed using the Shallow Landslide Susceptibility software (SHALSTAB) based on the Mohr\u2013Coulomb theory and its parameters: internal soil saturation degree and effective precipitation, parameters required to destabilize a hillside. In this case, the application of this complementary methodology provided a more accurate response of the areas destroyed by primary and secondary lahars in the vicinity of the volcano.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T05:03:12Z","timestamp":1553662992000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Determination of Primary and Secondary Lahar Flow Paths of the Fuego Volcano (Guatemala) Using Morphometric Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Cando-J\u00e1come","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, External Geodynamics Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Plaza Merced s\/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gra\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, External Geodynamics Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Plaza Merced s\/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Almeida, S., Daniel, S., and Daniel, A. (2019, February 21). Definition, Primary and Secondary Lahars, Flow Types, Behavior, afectation And Hazard Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.igepn.edu.ec\/publicaciones-para-la-comunidad\/comunidad-eng\/19268-triptych-lahars-mud-flows\/file."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Coordinator for Disaster Reduction CONRED (2019, February 21). Situation Report No. 1 (as of 04 June 2018), Available online: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/2018-06-04%20GT%20SITREP%20-%20Volcanic%20Activity%20%28ENG%29.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Department of Vulcanology, INSIVUMEH (2019, February 21). Preliminary Map of Hazard Scenarios by Pyroclastic Flows, after the Eruption of June 3, 2018, Available online: http:\/\/www.insivumeh.gob.gt\/?page_id=70."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"National Coordinator for Disaster Reduction CONRED (2019, February 21). Informative Bulletin No. 3162018\u2014The Drop of Lahares Is Monitored on The Fuego Volcano, Available online: https:\/\/conred.gob.gt\/site\/Boletin-Informativo-3162018 and https:\/\/conred.gob.gt\/www\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7076&catid=37&Itemid=1010."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, X. (2019, February 24). Vulnerability Assessment Associated with the Hazard of the Fuego Volcano. Available online: http:\/\/biblioteca.usac.edu.gt\/tesis\/02\/02_3433.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Schilling, S.P. (2019, February 25). TI-LAHARZ: GIS Programs for Automated Mapping of Lahar-Inundation Hazard Zones, Available online: http:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/ofr98638."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1029\/WS002p0195","article-title":"Validation of the Shallow Landslide Model, SHALSTAB, for forest management. Land Use and Watersheds: Human Influence on Hydrology and Geomorphology in Urban and Forest Areas","volume":"2","author":"Dietrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Montoya, S. (2019, February 25). Tutorial to Download Sentinel 2 Images (10 m Resolution) and Process Them in QGIS. Available online: http:\/\/gidahatari.com\/ih-es\/tutorial-para-descargar-imgenes-sentinel-2-resolucin-10-m-y-procesarlas-en-qgis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeni, G., Pepe, A., Zhao, Q., Bonano, M., Gao, W., Li, X., and Ding, X. (2014, January 13\u201318). A differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) investigation of the deformation affecting the coastal reclaimed areas of the Shangai megacity. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946464"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"The Copernicus Open Access Hub (2019, February 21). The Open Access Hub Provides Complete, Free and Open Access to Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-5P User Products. Available online: https:\/\/scihub.copernicus.eu\/userguide\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foumelis, M., Delgado Blasco, J.M., Desnos, Y.-L., Engdahl, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, D., Veci, L., Lu, J., and Wong, C. (2019, February 23). ESA SNAP\u2014StaMPS Integrated processing for Sentinel-1 Persistent Scatterer Interferometry. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/327253039_ESA_SNAP_-_StaMPS_Integrated_processing_for_Sentinel-1_Persistent_Scatterer_Interferometry.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8519545"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.21094\/rg.2017.015","article-title":"Application of the SHALSTAB model for the identification of areas susceptible to landslides: Brazilian case studies","volume":"19","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista de Geomorfologie"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences5020117","article-title":"A New European Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS-Factor) for Modeling Soil Erosion by Water","volume":"5","author":"Panagos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"415","article-title":"Magnitude-frequency aspects of alpine debris flows","volume":"90","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eclogae Geol. Helv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.22430\/22565337.191","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de las correlaciones existentes del \u00e1ngulo de fricci\u00f3n efectivo para suelos del piedemonte oriental de Bogot\u00e1 usando ensayos in situ","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tecno L\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dietrich, W.E., and Montgomery, D.R. (2019, February 23). A Digital Terrain Model for Mapping Shallow Landslide Potential. Available online: http:\/\/calm.geo.berkeley.edu\/geomorph\/shalstab\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1029\/WR022i005p00794","article-title":"Prediction of surface saturation zones in natural catchments by topographic analysis","volume":"22","year":"1986","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-4-343-2016","article-title":"Topography-based flow-directional roughness: potential and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Sebastiano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667909491834","article-title":"A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology","volume":"24","author":"Beven","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cando, M., and Mart\u00ednez-Gra\u00f1a, A. (2018). Numerical modeling of flow patterns applied to the analysis of the susceptibility to movements of the ground. Geosciences, 8, Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/8\/9\/340.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8090340"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"41","article-title":"Determination of a Topographic Wetness Index using high resolution Digital Elevation Models","volume":"7","author":"Hojati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1144\/SP380.2","article-title":"Applicability of InSAR to tropical volcanoes: Insights from Central America","volume":"380","author":"Ebmeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumann, V., Bonadonna, C., Cuomo, S., Moscariello, M., and Manzella, I. (2018). Slope stability models for rainfall-induced lahars during long-lasting eruptions. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326139979_Slope_stability_models_for_rainfall-induced_lahars_during_long-lasting_eruptions.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2018.06.018"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2016.1172271","article-title":"Vulnerability to groundwater contamination, SW Salamanca, Spain","volume":"12","author":"Ayarza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geomorphological applications for susceptibility mapping of landslides in natural parks","volume":"15","author":"Goy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Franc\u00e9s, F., Mart\u00ednez-Gra\u00f1a, A., Rojo, P.A., and S\u00e1nchez, A.G. (2017). Geochemical background and baseline values determination and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in soils of the Andes mountain range (Cajamarca-Huancavelica, Peru). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080859"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:40:41Z","timestamp":1760186441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/6\/727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11060727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11060727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]]}}}