{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:46:11Z","timestamp":1775760371983,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]],"date-time":"2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge about the spatiotemporal distribution of sea surface salinity (SSS) provides valuable and important information for understanding various marine biogeochemical processes and ecosystems, especially for those coastal waters significantly affected by human activities. Remote-sensing techniques have been used to monitor salinity in the open ocean with their advantages of wide-area surveys and real-time monitoring. However, potential challenges remain when using satellite data with coarse spatiotemporal resolutions, leading to a loss of valuable information. In the current study, based on the local dataset collected over the southern Yellow Sea (SYS), a region-customized algorithm was developed to estimate SSS by using the remote sensing reflectance. The model evaluations indicated that our algorithm yielded good SSS estimation, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.29 psu and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.75%. Satellite-derived SSS results compared well with those derived from in situ observations, further suggesting the good performance of our developed algorithm for the study regions. We applied this algorithm to Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) data for the month of August from 2011 to 2018 in the SYS, and produced the spatial distribution patterns of the SSS for August of each year. The SSS values were high in offshore waters and lower in coastal waters, especially in the Yangtze River estuary. The negative correlation between the monthly Changjiang River discharge (CRD) and SSS (R = \u22120.71, p &lt; 0.001) near the Yangtze River estuary was observed, suggesting that the SSS distribution in the Yangtze River estuary was potentially influenced by the CRD. In offshore waters, the correlation between SSS and CRD was weak (R &lt; 0.2), suggesting that the riverine discharge\u2019s effect might be weak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T03:21:26Z","timestamp":1554175286000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Remote Sensing Estimation of Sea Surface Salinity from GOCI Measurements in the Southern Yellow Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Deyong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Center for Ocean Survey Technology, NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Center for Ocean Survey Technology, NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Shengqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Center for Ocean Survey Technology, NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1531-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Center for Ocean Survey Technology, NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-1881-2011","article-title":"A coupled physical-biological model of the Northern Gulf of Mexico shelf: Model description, validation and analysis of phytoplankton variability","volume":"8","author":"Fennel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-7219-2013","article-title":"Modeling ocean circulation and biogeochemical variability in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.09.004","article-title":"Estimating sea surface salinity in the northern Gulf of Mexico from satellite ocean color measurements","volume":"201","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote. 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