{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:22:10Z","timestamp":1781194930810,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41830536, 41676176 and 41676182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41830536, 41676176 and 41676182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Program","award":["No Number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No Number"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China","award":["No Number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No Number"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMET, ref.: come30001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMET, ref.: come30001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ref. 32244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ref. 32244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping landfast sea ice at a fine spatial scale is not only meaningful for geophysical study, but is also of benefit for providing information about human activities upon it. The combination of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) with structure from motion (SfM) methods have already revolutionized the current close-range Earth observation paradigm. To test their feasibility in characterizing the properties and dynamics of fast ice, three flights were carried out in the 2016\u20132017 austral summer during the 33rd Chinese National Antarctic Expedition (CHINARE), focusing on the area of the Prydz Bay in East Antarctica. Three-dimensional models and orthomosaics from three sorties were constructed from a total of 205 photos using Agisoft PhotoScan software. Logistical challenges presented by the terrain precluded the deployment of a dedicated ground control network; however, it was still possible to indirectly assess the performance of the photogrammetric products through an analysis of the statistics of the matching network, bundle adjustment, and Monte-Carlo simulation. Our results show that the matching networks are quite strong, given a sufficient number of feature points (mostly &gt; 20,000) or valid matches (mostly &gt; 1000). The largest contribution to the total error using our direct georeferencing approach is attributed to inaccuracies in the onboard position and orientation system (POS) records, especially in the vehicle height and yaw angle. On one hand, the 3D precision map reveals that planimetric precision is usually about one-third of the vertical estimate (typically 20 cm in the network centre). On the other hand, shape-only errors account for less than 5% for the X and Y dimensions and 20% for the Z dimension. To further illustrate the UAS\u2019s capability, six representative surface features are selected and interpreted by sea ice experts. Finally, we offer pragmatic suggestions and guidelines for planning future UAS-SfM surveys without the use of ground control. The work represents a pioneering attempt to comprehensively assess UAS-SfM survey capability in fast ice environments, and could serve as a reference for future improvements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T03:21:26Z","timestamp":1554175286000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Resolving Fine-Scale Surface Features on Polar Sea Ice: A First Assessment of UAS Photogrammetry Without Ground Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5620-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research (UCPR), Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baogang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research (UCPR), Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-6565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research (UCPR), Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Westoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research (UCPR), Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3968-9322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Shokr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON M3H5T4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research (UCPR), Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research (UCPR), Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research (UCPR), Beijing 100875, 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