{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:13:34Z","timestamp":1774635214278,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Fall Research Competition","award":["MSN206400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSN206400"]}]},{"name":"National Science FoundationGraduate Research Fellowship Program","award":["DGE-1632134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1632134"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","award":["DGE-1322106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1322106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study\u2019s objective was to quantify the responses of vegetation greenness and productivity to climate variability and change across complex topographic, climatic, and ecological gradients in Yellowstone National Park through the use of remotely sensed data. The climate change signal in Yellowstone was pronounced, including substantial warming, an abrupt decline in snowpack, and more frequent droughts. While phenological studies are increasing in Yellowstone, the near absence of long-term and continuous ground-based phenological measurements motivated the study\u2019s application of remotely sensed data to aid in identifying ecological vulnerabilities and guide resource management in light of on ongoing environmental change. Correlation, time-series, and empirical orthogonal function analyses for 1982\u20132015 focused on Daymet data and vegetation indices (VIs) from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The study\u2019s key questions address unique time scales. First, what are the dominant meteorological drivers of variability in vegetation greenness on seasonal to interannual time scales? Key results include: (1) Green-up is the most elevation- and climate-sensitive phenological stage, with La Ni\u00f1a-induced cool, wet conditions or an anomalously deep snowpack delaying the green-up wave. (2) Drought measures were the dominant contributors towards phenological variability, as winter\u2013spring drought corresponded to enhanced April\u2013June greening and spring\u2013summer drought corresponded to reduced August\u2013September greening. Second, how have patterns of productivity changed in response to climate change and disturbances? Key results include: (1) The park predominantly exhibited positive productivity trends, associated with lodgepole pine re-establishment and growth following the 1988 fires. (2) Landscapes which were undisturbed by the 1988 fires showed no apparent sign of warming-induced greening. This study motivates a systematic investigation of remote-sensing data across western parks to identify ecological vulnerabilities and support the development of climate change vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T03:13:42Z","timestamp":1554347622000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Variability in Remotely Sensed Vegetation Greenness Across Yellowstone National Park"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Notaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nelson Institute Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Emmett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173460, Bozeman, MT 59717-3460, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1371-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donal","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland at College Park, 7251 Preinkert Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-010-0838-7","article-title":"Climate variability and projected change in the western United States: Regional downscaling and drought statistics","volume":"37","author":"Gutzler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. 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