{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:20:06Z","timestamp":1778883606081,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20170412150910443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20170412150910443"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) data have been widely used to predict PM2.5 concentrations. Most of their spatial resolutions (~1 km or greater), however, are too coarse to support PM2.5-related studies at fine scales (e.g., urban-scale PM2.5 exposure assessments). Space-time regression models have been widely developed and applied to predict PM2.5 concentrations from satellite-retrieved AOD. Their accuracies, however, are not satisfactory particularly on days that lack a model dataset. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of recent high-resolution (i.e., ~750 m at nadir) AOD obtained from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite instrument (VIIRS) Intermediate Product (IP) in estimating PM2.5 concentrations with a newly developed nested spatiotemporal statistical model. The nested spatiotemporal statistical model consisted of two parts: a nested time fixed effects regression (TFER) model and a series of geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. The TFER model, containing daily, weekly, or monthly intercepts, used the VIIRS IP AOD as the main predictor alongside several auxiliary variables to predict daily PM2.5 concentrations. Meanwhile, the series of GWR models used the VIIRS IP AOD as the independent variable to correct residuals from the first-stage nested TFER model. The average spatiotemporal coverage of the VIIRS IP AOD was approximately 16.12%. The sample-based ten-fold cross validation goodness of fit (R2) for the first-stage TFER models with daily, weekly, and monthly intercepts were 0.81, 0.66, and 0.45, respectively. The second-stage GWR models further captured the spatial heterogeneities of the PM2.5-AOD relationships. The nested spatiotemporal statistical model produced more daily PM2.5 estimates and improved the accuracies of summer, autumn, and annual PM2.5 estimates. This study contributes to the knowledge of how well VIIRS IP AOD can predict PM2.5 concentrations at urban scales and offers strategies for improving the coverage and accuracy of daily PM2.5 estimates on days that lack a model dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1554724492000},"page":"841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Estimating Daily PM2.5 Concentrations in Beijing Using 750-M VIIRS IP AOD Retrievals and a Nested Spatiotemporal Statistical Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8327-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiansheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5386-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.016","article-title":"Review on recent progress in observations, source identifications and countermeasures of PM2.5","volume":"86","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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