{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:36:57Z","timestamp":1760240217492,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation","award":["638822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["638822"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the causes of inter-satellite biases in climate data records from observations of the Earth is crucial for constructing a consistent time series of the essential climate variables. In this article, we analyse the strong scan- and time-dependent biases observed for the microwave humidity sounders on board the NOAA-16 and NOAA-19 satellites. We find compelling evidence that radio frequency interference (RFI) is the cause of the biases. We also devise a correction scheme for the raw count signals for the instruments to mitigate the effect of RFI. Our results show that the RFI-corrected, recalibrated data exhibit distinctly reduced biases and provide consistent time series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T11:25:08Z","timestamp":1554895508000},"page":"866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Onboard Radio Frequency Interference as the Origin of Inter-Satellite Biases for Microwave Humidity Sounders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Imke","family":"Hans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorologisches Institut, Centrum f\u00fcr Erdsystem- und Nachhaltigkeitsforschung (CEN), Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5854-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Burgdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorologisches Institut, Centrum f\u00fcr Erdsystem- und Nachhaltigkeitsforschung (CEN), Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6389-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan A.","family":"Buehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorologisches Institut, Centrum f\u00fcr Erdsystem- und Nachhaltigkeitsforschung (CEN), Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buehler, S.A., Kuvatov, M., and John, V.O. (2005). Scan asymmetries in AMSU-B data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024747"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, V.O., Holl, G., Buehler, S.A., Candy, B., Saunders, R.W., and Parker, D.E. (2012). Understanding inter-satellite biases of microwave humidity sounders using global simultaneous nadir overpasses. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016349"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50154","article-title":"Monitoring scan asymmetry of microwave humidity sounding channels using simultaneous all angle collocations (SAACs)","volume":"118","author":"John","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hanlon, H., and Ingram, W. (2019, April 10). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, Fundamental Climate Data Record of Microwave Brightness Temperatures, CF-26\/27\/28, Version 1.0. Available online: www.cmsaf.eu."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6617-2018","article-title":"Radiometric correction of observations from microwave humidity sounders","volume":"11","author":"Moradi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, C.Z., and Wang, W. (2011). Intersatellite calibration of AMSU-A observations for weather and climate applications. J. Geophys. Res., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016205"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(01)00312-X","article-title":"Calibration, monitoring and validation of AMSU-B","volume":"28","author":"Atkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"276","article-title":"Initial evaluation of AMSU-B in-orbit data","volume":"3503","author":"Atkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Robel, J. (2019, April 10). NOAA KLM User\u2019s Guide with NOAA-N, -N\u2019 Supplement; Technical Report; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, National Climatic Data Center, Remote Sensing and Applications Division: 2009, Available online: https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4005-2018","article-title":"Inter-channel uniformity of a microwave sounder in space","volume":"11","author":"Burgdorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-4927-2017","article-title":"Noise performance of microwave humidity sounders over their life time","volume":"10","author":"Hans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans, I., Burgdorf, M., Buehler, S.A., Prange, M., Lang, T., and John, V.O. (2019). An Uncertainty Quantified Fundamental Climate Data Record for Microwave Humidity Sounders. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050548"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hans, I., Burgdorf, M., and Woolliams, E. (2019). Product User Guide\u2014Microwave FCDR Release 4.1, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Hamburg (Germany) and National Physical Laboratory. Techreport."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"NOAA-OSPO (2017, December 14). POES Operational Status Webpage, Available online: http:\/\/www.ospo.noaa.gov\/Operations\/POES\/status.html."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/7\/866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:44:11Z","timestamp":1760186651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/7\/866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11070866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11070866","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]}}}