{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:26:13Z","timestamp":1769185573779,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFA0603002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0603002"]}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2013CB733404, 2013CB733401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB733404, 2013CB733401"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471311, 41371357, 41301395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471311, 41371357, 41301395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Applications of stereo imagery acquired by cameras onboard unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as practical forest inventory tools are hindered by the unavailability of ground surface elevation. It is still a challenging issue to remove the elevation of ground surface in leaf-on stereo imagery to extract forest canopy height without the help of lidar data. This study proposed a method for the extraction of forest canopy height through the synthesis of UAV stereo imagery of leaf-on and leaf-off, and further demonstrated that the extracted forest canopy height could be used for the inventory of deciduous forest aboveground biomass (AGB). The points cloud of the leaf-on and leaf-off stereo imagery was firstly extracted by an algorithm of structure from motion (SFM) using the same ground control points (GCP). The digital surface model (DSM) was produced by rasterizing the point cloud of UAV leaf-on. The point cloud of UAV leaf-off was processed by iterative median filtering to remove vegetation points, and the digital terrain model (DTM) was generated by the rasterization of the filtered point cloud. The mean canopy height model (MCHM) was derived from the DSM subtracted by the DTM (i.e., DSM-DTM). Forest AGB maps were generated using models developed based on the MCHM and sampling plots of forest AGB and were evaluated by those of lidar. Results showed that forest AGB maps from UAV stereo imagery were highly correlated with those from lidar data with R2 higher than 0.94 and RMSE lower than 10.0 Mg\/ha (i.e., relative RMSE 18.8%). These results demonstrated that UAV stereo imagery could be used as a practical inventory tool for deciduous forest AGB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T12:55:04Z","timestamp":1555073704000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Synthesis of Leaf-on and Leaf-off Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Stereo Imagery for the Inventory of Aboveground Biomass of Deciduous Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1611-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjian","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Resource Information Technique, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Resource Information Technique, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Resource Information Technique, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erxue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Resource Information Technique, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.244","article-title":"A global forest growing stock, biomass and carbon map based on FAO statistics","volume":"42","author":"Kindermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World\u2019s Forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.901027","article-title":"ALOS PALSAR: A Pathfinder mission for global-scale monitoring of the environment","volume":"45","author":"Rosenqvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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