{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:37:04Z","timestamp":1760240224995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61705253","41005019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705253","41005019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["LSIT201701D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSIT201701D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind and temperature observation in near space has been playing an increasingly important role in atmospheric physics and space science. This paper reports on the near-space wind and temperature sensing interferometer (NWTSI), which employs a wide-angle Michelson interferometer to observe O2(a1\u0394g) dayglow near 1.27 \u03bcm from a limb-viewing satellite, and presents the instrument modeling and observation simulations from the stratosphere to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The characteristics of atmospheric limb-radiance spectra and line selection rules are described. The observational strategy of using two sets of three emission lines with a line-strength difference of one order of magnitude is proved to be suitable for extending altitude coverage. The forward modeling and measurement simulation of the expected NWTSI observations are provided, and the measurement uncertainty of the wind and temperature is discussed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the limb-view weight work together to affect the precision of the wind and temperature measurements. The simulated results indicate a wind measurement precision of 1 to 3 m\/s and a temperature precision of 1 to 3 K over an altitude range from 40 to 80 km, which meets the observing requirement in measurement precision for near-space detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T11:15:58Z","timestamp":1555326958000},"page":"914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Near-Space Wind and Temperature Sensing Interferometer: Forward Model and Measurement Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8019-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2030717","article-title":"Near-Space Microwave Radar Remote Sensing: Potentials and Challenge Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26019","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00207","article-title":"Climatology of the semiannual oscillation of the tropical middle atmosphere","volume":"102","author":"Garcia","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A02309","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JA013759","article-title":"Global structure and seasonal and interannual variability of the migrating diurnal tide seen in the SABER\/TIMED temperatures between 20 and 120 km","volume":"114","author":"Mukhtarov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD200080","article-title":"Momentum and energy fluxes of monochromatic gravity waves observed by an OH imager at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico","volume":"104","author":"Swenson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A12302","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JA015586","article-title":"Thermosphere extension of the whole atmosphere community climate model","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8847","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023713","article-title":"Stratosphere and lower mesosphere wind observation and gravity wave activities of the wind field in China using a mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2016.05.007","article-title":"Temperature characteristics at altitudes of 5\u201380 km with a self-calibrated Rayleigh-rotational Raman lidar: A summer case study","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4891-2018","article-title":"Retrieving horizontally resolved wind fields using multi-static meteor radar observations","volume":"11","author":"Stober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-4192-2","article-title":"First observation of mesospheric and thermospheric winds by a Fabry-Perot interferometer in China","volume":"55","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2015.05.015","article-title":"Development of wind measurement systems for future space missions","volume":"115","author":"Shepherd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2007","DOI":"10.1029\/2012RG000390","article-title":"The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite: A 20 Year Perspective","volume":"50","author":"Shepherd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10351","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02142","article-title":"Measurements of stratospheric winds by the high resolution Doppler imager","volume":"101","author":"Ortland","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02794","article-title":"Remote sensing of mesospheric temperature and O2 (1\u03a3) band volume emission rates with the high-resolution Doppler imager","volume":"103","author":"Ortland","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5589\/q12-010","article-title":"Integration of spatial heterodyne spectroscopy with the stratospheric wind interferometer for transport studies (SWIFT)","volume":"58","author":"Shepherd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Aeronaut. Space J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.2013.855160","article-title":"SWIFT-DASH: Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy approach to stratospheric wind and ozone measurement","volume":"53","author":"Solheim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053570","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3666048","article-title":"Doppler wind and temperature sounder: New approach using gas filter radiometry","volume":"5","author":"Gordley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.1997.9649595","article-title":"Radiative-dynamical climatology of the first-generation Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model","volume":"35","author":"Beagley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.938","article-title":"On the feasibility of a fast forward model for Doppler interferometry in the infrared","volume":"138","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.03.109","article-title":"An observing system simulation experiment to evaluate the scientific merit of wind and ozone measurements from the future SWIFT instrument","volume":"131","author":"Lahoz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1882.1","article-title":"Satellite measurement of stratospheric winds and ozone using Doppler Michelson interferometry. Part II: Retrieval method and expected performance","volume":"23","author":"Rochon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00230.1","article-title":"Scientific assessment of the SWIFT instrument design","volume":"30","author":"Rahnama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16984","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.016984","article-title":"Simulation and application of the emission line O19P18 of O2(a1\u0394g) dayglow near 1.27 \u03bcm for wind observations from limb-viewing satellites","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1117\/12.450652","article-title":"The Waves Michelson Interferometer: A visible\/near-IR interferometer for observing middle atmosphere dynamics and constituents","volume":"4540","author":"Ward","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15306","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008355","article-title":"Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry observations of daytime mesospheric O2(1\u0394) 1.27 \u03bcm emission and derivation of ozone, atomic oxygen, and solar and chemical energy deposition rates","volume":"112","author":"Mlynczak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002","article-title":"The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"130","author":"Rothman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1880.1","article-title":"Satellite Measurement of Stratospheric Winds and Ozone Using Doppler Michelson Interferometry. Part I: Instrument Model and Measurement Simulation","volume":"23","author":"Rahnama","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Rahnama, P. (2003). Simulation and Analysis Studies of SWIFT Measurements. [Master\u2019s Thesis, York University]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2011.02.035","article-title":"Instrument forward model of the modified Sagnac interferometer for atmospheric wind measurement","volume":"284","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-014-5880-4","article-title":"Sensitive detection of CO2 concentration and temperature for hot gases using quantum-cascade laser absorption spectroscopy near 4.2 \u03bcm","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-005-2078-9","article-title":"Development of a tunable diode laser sensor for measurements of gas turbine exhaust temperature","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/8\/914\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:45:35Z","timestamp":1760186735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/8\/914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11080914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11080914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]}}}