{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1768802543539,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES1309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES1309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FLUOPHOT - n\u00ba [701815]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLUOPHOT - n\u00ba [701815]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["795299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["795299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APOSTD\/2018\/162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APOSTD\/2018\/162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESP2016-79503-C2-1-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESP2016-79503-C2-1-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FT160100477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT160100477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000107143\/12\/NL\/FF\/If CCN3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000107143\/12\/NL\/FF\/If CCN3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESA RFP\/3-15477\/18\/NL\/NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESA RFP\/3-15477\/18\/NL\/NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imaging and non-imaging spectroscopy employed in the field and from aircraft is frequently used to assess biochemical, structural, and functional plant traits, as well as their dynamics in an environmental matrix. With the increasing availability of high-resolution spectroradiometers, it has become feasible to measure fine spectral features, such as those needed to estimate sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (F), which is a signal related to the photosynthetic process of plants. The measurement of F requires highly accurate and precise radiance measurements in combination with very sophisticated measurement protocols. Additionally, because F has a highly dynamic nature (compared with other vegetation information derived from spectral data) and low signal intensity, several environmental, physiological, and experimental aspects have to be considered during signal acquisition and are key for its reliable interpretation. The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1309 OPTIMISE has produced three articles addressing the main challenges in the field of F measurements. In this paper, which is the second of three, we review approaches that are available to measure F from the leaf to the canopy scale using ground-based and airborne platforms. We put specific emphasis on instrumental aspects, measurement setups, protocols, quality checks, and data processing strategies. Furthermore, we review existing techniques that account for atmospheric influences on F retrieval, address spatial scaling effects, and assess quality checks and the metadata and ancillary data required to reliably interpret retrieved F signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T03:02:01Z","timestamp":1555470121000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence II: Review of Passive Measurement Setups, Protocols, and Their Application at the Leaf to Canopy Level"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Aasen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Science Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universit\u00e4tstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5699-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shari","family":"Van Wittenberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C\/ Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Neus","family":"Sabater Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C\/ Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"},{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, P.O. Box 501, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8965-3427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Damm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, \u00dcberlandstrasse 133, 8600 D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6499-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Goulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Paris, Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Dynamique, LMD, F-91128 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Wieneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4283-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hueni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbyn\u011bk","family":"Malenovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography and Spatial Sciences, School of Technology, Environments and Design, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 76, 7001 Hobart, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8221-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C\/ Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Pacheco-Labrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5887-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Pilar","family":"Cendrero-Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C\/ Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6546-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Tomelleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen\/Bolzano. Universit\u00e4tsplatz 1\u2014piazza Universit\u00e0 1, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JB Hyperspectral Devices, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7192-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Cogliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Lab., DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Rascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2): Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7553-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alasdair","family":"Mac Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, King\u2019s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168708954818","article-title":"Principles of field spectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Milton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. 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