{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T18:44:00Z","timestamp":1774550640464,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial and temporal ocean colour data are increasingly accessible through remote sensing, which is a key tool for evaluating coastal biogeochemical and physical processes, and for monitoring water quality. Coastal infrastructure such as cross-sea bridges may impact ocean colour remote sensing due to the different spectral characteristics of asphalt and the seawater surface. However, this potential impact is typically ignored during data post-processing. In this study, we use Jiaozhou Bay (East China) and its cross-bay bridge to examine the impact of coastal infrastructure on water-quality remote-sensing products, in particular on chlorophyll-a concentration and total suspended sediment. The values of these products in the bridge area were significantly different to those in the adjacent water. Analysis of the remote-sensing reflectance and application of the Normalised Difference Water Index demonstrate that this phenomenon is caused by contamination of the signal by bridge pixels. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products helped estimate the pixel scale that could be influenced by contamination. Furthermore, we found similar pixel contamination at Hangzhou Bay Bridge, suggesting that the impact of large coastal infrastructure on ocean colour data is common, and must therefore be considered in data post-processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T03:15:53Z","timestamp":1555902953000},"page":"946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of Coastal Infrastructure on Ocean Colour Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Jiaozhou Bay, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6040-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, The University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia"},{"name":"The Sino-Australian Research Centre for Coastal Management, The University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-4084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Jal\u00f3n-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, The University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia"},{"name":"The Sino-Australian Research Centre for Coastal Management, The University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia"}]},{"given":"Xiao Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, The University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia"},{"name":"The Sino-Australian Research Centre for Coastal Management, The University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.812907","article-title":"Satellite hyperspectral remote sensing for estimating estuarine and coastal water quality","volume":"41","author":"Brando","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90085-C","article-title":"Water quality assessment with simultaneous Landsat-5 TM data at Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Braga","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2013.12.008","article-title":"A review of ocean color remote sensing methods and statistical techniques for the detection, mapping and analysis of phytoplankton blooms in coastal and open oceans","volume":"123","author":"Gower","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(01)00094-7","article-title":"Estimation of potential productivity in Eastern Boundary Currents using remote sensing","volume":"49","author":"Carr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part 2 Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009981","article-title":"Application of the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) to estimates of ocean surface currents","volume":"119","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2624220","article-title":"Diurnal currents in the Bohai Sea derived from the Korean geostationary ocean color imager","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008046","article-title":"GOCI, the world\u2019s first geostationary ocean color observation satellite, for the monitoring of temporal variability in coastal water turbidity","volume":"117","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12601-012-0027-1","article-title":"Initial validation of GOCI water products against in situ data collected around Korean peninsula for 2010\u20132011","volume":"47","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"79","article-title":"Hyperspectral image processing for automatic target detection applications","volume":"14","author":"Manolakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Linc. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500177380","article-title":"Assessing vegetation condition in the presence of biomass burning smoke by applying the Aerosol-free Vegetation Index (AFRI) on MODIS images","volume":"27","author":"Karnieli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2017.01.012","article-title":"The impacts of land reclamation on suspended-sediment dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China","volume":"206","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cui, Q., Wang, D., Gong, F., Pan, D., Hao, Z., Wang, T., and Zhu, Q. (2017, January 11\u201314). Intersatellite comparisons and evaluations of three ocean color products along the Zhejiang coast, eastern China. Proceedings of the SPIE Volume 10422, Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, Coastal Waters, and Large Water Regions, Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.916053","article-title":"Satellite multi-sensor mapping of suspended particulate matter in turbid estuarine and coastal ocean, China","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-009-9221-0","article-title":"A field study on the conversion ratio of phytoplankton biomass carbon to chlorophyll-a in Jiaozhou Bay, China","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"654","article-title":"Long-term changes of chlorophyll-a concentration and primary productivity in the Jiaozhou Bay","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oceanol. Limnol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Liu, R. (1992). Water exchange and diffusion. Ecology and Living Resources of Jiaozhou Bay, Science Press. [1st ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Liu, R. (1992). Tides and tidal currents. Ecology and Living Resources of Jiaozhou Bay, Science Press. [1st ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29925","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900203","article-title":"Influences of physical processes on the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay: A coupled physical and biological model experiment","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"92","article-title":"Analysisi of sediment discharge characteristics of rivers in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao City","volume":"34","author":"Sheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chin. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-013-0395-0","article-title":"ADCP measurements of suspended sediment flux at the entrance to Jiaozhou Bay, western Yellow Sea","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.02.005","article-title":"Remarked morphological change in a large tidal inlet with low sediment-supply","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.09.014","article-title":"Research and integrated coastal zone management in rapidly developing estuarine harbours: A review to inform sustainment of functions in Jiaozhou Bay","volume":"116","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wang, X.H. (2018). Jiaozhou Bay. Sediment Dynamics of Chinese Muddy Coasts and Estuaries: Physics, Biology and Their Interactions, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.11.001","article-title":"Urban land cover classification using airborne LiDAR data: A review","volume":"158","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Costeraste, J., Armandillo, E., and Karafolas, N. (2008, January 14\u201317). The GOCI instrument on COMS mission\u2013The first geostationary ocean color imager. Proceedings of the SPIE Volume 10566, International Conference on Space Optics (ICSO), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24937","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02160","article-title":"Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS","volume":"103","author":"Maritorena","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-011-0062-z","article-title":"Empirical ocean-color algorithms to retrieve chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter, and colored dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient in the Yellow and East China Seas","volume":"67","author":"Siswanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10304","article-title":"Design, construction, and application of a regional ocean database: A case study in Jiaozhou Bay, China","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/8\/946\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:45Z","timestamp":1760186805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/8\/946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11080946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11080946","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]}}}