{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:49:31Z","timestamp":1762624171491,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]],"date-time":"2019-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/25\/B\/ST10\/00159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/B\/ST10\/00159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Variability of sea level in the North and Baltic Seas, enforced by weather patterns, affects the intensity of water exchange between these seas. Transfer of salty water from the North Sea is very important for the hydrography of the Baltic Sea. The volume of inflowing salty water can occasionally increase remarkably. Such incidents, called the Major Baltic Inflows (MBIs), are unpredictable, of relatively short duration, and difficult to observe using in situ data. We have shown that remote sensing altimetry can be used as a complementary source of information about the MBI events. The advantage of using such data is that large-scale spatial information about SLA is available with daily resolution. We have described changes in SLA during several MBI events observed in 1993\u20132017. The net volume of water transported into the Baltic Sea varied between the events due to differences in atmospheric forcing. Based on SLA data, the largest inflow of water happened during the 2014 MBI. This is in agreement with previously published results, based on in situ data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1555930973000},"page":"954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Satellite Remote Sensing Signatures of the Major Baltic Inflows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3424-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Stramska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot 81-712, Poland"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Aniskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot 81-712, Poland"},{"name":"Centre for Polar Studies, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4ranta, M.M., and Myrberg, K. (2009). Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer-Praxis Book Series in Geophysical Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79703-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4343(92)90060-W","article-title":"Characteristics of major Baltic inflows\u2014A statistical analysis","volume":"12","author":"Franck","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2006.07.004","article-title":"Direct observations of a medium-intensity inflow into the Baltic Sea","volume":"26","author":"Sellschopp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"623","article-title":"Temporal and spatial evolution of the Baltic deep water renewal in spring 2003","volume":"45","author":"Feistel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"21","article-title":"Unusual Baltic inflow activity in 2002\u20132003 and varying deep-water properties","volume":"48","author":"Feistel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2007.10.004","article-title":"Vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences for eutrophication\u2014A review","volume":"82","author":"Reissmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(97)00071-X","article-title":"On the causes of major Baltic inflows - an analysis of long time series","volume":"18","author":"Schinke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The history of investigation of salt water inflows into the Baltic Sea\u2014From the early beginning to recent results","volume":"65","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meereswiss. Ber."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feistel, R.R., Nausch, G.G., and Wasmund, N. (2008). The inflow of highly saline water into the Baltic Sea. State and Evolution of the Baltic Sea, 1952\u20132005, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470283134"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737792","article-title":"The Baltic Sea in 1995\u2014Beginning of a new stagnation period in its central Baltic deep waters and decreasing nutrient load in its surface layer","volume":"47","author":"Nehring","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2015.03.005","article-title":"Fresh oxygen for the Baltic Sea\u2014An exceptional saline inflow after a decade of stagnation","volume":"148","author":"Mohrholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1995)025<0280:TRSIIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The recent salt inflow into the Baltic Sea","volume":"25","author":"Lass","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Feistel, R.R., Nausch, G.G., Matth\u00e4us, W.W., \u0141ysiak-Pastuszak, E.E., Seifert, T.T., Sehested Hansen, I.I., Mohrholz, V.V., Kr\u00fcger, S.S., Buch, E.E., and Hagen, E. (2004). Background Data to the Exceptionally Warm Inflow into the Baltic Sea in late Summer of 2002, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nausch, G.G., Naumann, M.M., Umlauf, L.L., Mohrholz, V.V., and Siegel, H. (2014). Hydrographisch-hydrochemische Zustandseinsch\u00e4tzung der Ostsee 2013. Meereswiss. Ber. Warnem\u00fcnde, 93."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Nausch, G.G., Naumann, M.M., Umlauf, L.L., Mohrholz, V.V., Siegel, H.H., and Schulz-Bull, D. (2016). Hydrographic-hydrochemical assessment of the Baltic Sea 2015. Meereswiss. Ber. Warnem\u00fcnde, 101."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Naumann, M.M., Umlauf, L.L., Mohrholz, V.V., Kuss, J.J., Siegel, H.H., Waniek, J.J., and Schulz-Bull, D. (2017). Hydrographic-hydrochemical assessment of the Baltic Sea 2016. Meereswiss. Ber. Warnem\u00fcnde, 104."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6648","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013050","article-title":"Deepwater dynamics and mixing processes during a major inflow event in the central Baltic Sea","volume":"122","author":"Holtermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012525","article-title":"On the importance of Major Baltic Inflows for oxygenation of the central Baltic Sea","volume":"122","author":"Neumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"99","article-title":"Spreading of Baltic deep water: A case study for the winter 1997\u20131998","volume":"45","author":"Hagen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meereswiss. Ber."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JPO4159.1","article-title":"Dynamics of rotating shallow gravity currents passing through a channel. Part I: Observation of transverse structure","volume":"39","author":"Umlauf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00222","article-title":"Propagation of impact of the recent Major Baltic Inflows from the Eastern Gotland Basin to the Gulf of Finland","volume":"5","author":"Liblik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ekman, M. (2009). The Changing Level of the Baltic Sea during 300 Years: A Clue to Understanding the Earth, Summer Institute for Historical Geophysics."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2010.491031","article-title":"Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason altimeter missions","volume":"33","author":"Nerem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Fu, L.-L., and Cazenave, A. (2000). Ocean tides. Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences: A Handbook of Techniques and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.55-2.319","article-title":"Recent multiyear trends in the Baltic Sea level","volume":"55","author":"Stramska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.55-4.787","article-title":"Seasonal variability of the Baltic Sea level","volume":"55","author":"Stramska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.09.002","article-title":"Temporal variability of the Baltic Sea level based on satellite observations","volume":"133","author":"Stramska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010510","article-title":"Annual sea level variability of the coastal ocean: The Baltic Sea-North Sea transition zone","volume":"120","author":"Passaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1043405","article-title":"Investigation of sea level variability in the Baltic Sea from tide gauge, satellite altimeter data, and model reanalysis","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Xu, Q., and Li, X. (2018). Spatio-Temporal Variability of Annual Sea Level Cycle in the Baltic Sea. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040528"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22285-6_71","article-title":"E-HypeWeb: Service for water and climate information\u2014And future hydrological collaboration across Europe","volume":"Volume 359","author":"Schimak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Software Systems. Frameworks of eEnvironment, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2015.1027710","article-title":"Using flow signatures and catchment similarities to evaluate the E-HYPE multi-basin model across Europe","volume":"61","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00384","article-title":"Major Baltic Inflow Statistics\u2014Revised","volume":"5","author":"Mohrholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011269","article-title":"Anatomizing one of the largest saltwater inflows into the Baltic Sea in December 2014","volume":"120","author":"Naumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1029\/96RG03037","article-title":"Atmospheric loading and the oceanic \u201cinverted barometer\u201d effect","volume":"35","author":"Wunsch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G02023","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JG000304","article-title":"Dynamics of nutrients and oxygen\/hydrogen sulfide in the Baltic Sea deep water","volume":"112","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"148","article-title":"Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea\u2014An integrated thematic assessment of the effects of nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea region","volume":"115B","author":"Pawlak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Balt. Sea Environ. Proc."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"113","article-title":"Inflow waters in the deep regions of the southern Baltic Sea\u2014Transport and transformations","volume":"46","author":"Piechura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2016.04.001","article-title":"The inflow in the Baltic Proper as recorded in January\u2013February 2015","volume":"58","author":"Rak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oceanologia"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/8\/954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:11Z","timestamp":1760186771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/8\/954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11080954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11080954","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]]}}}