{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:12:48Z","timestamp":1790665968843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002830","name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ISIS program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISIS program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An early assessment of biological invasions is important for initiating conservation strategies. Instrumental progress in high spatial resolution (HSR) multispectral satellite sensors greatly facilitates ecosystems\u2019 monitoring capability at an increasingly smaller scale. However, species detection is still challenging in environments characterized by a high variability of vegetation mixing along with other elements, such as water, sediment, and biofilm. In this study, we explore the potential of Pl\u00e9iades HSR multispectral images to detect and monitor changes in the salt marshes of the Bay of Arcachon (SW France), after the invasion of Spartina anglica. Due to the small size of Spartina patches, the spatial and temporal monitoring of Spartina species focuses on the analysis of five multispectral images at a spatial resolution of 2 m, acquired at the study site between 2013 and 2017. To distinguish between the different types of vegetation, various techniques for land use classification were evaluated. A description and interpretation of the results are based on a set of ground truth data, including field reflectance, a drone flight, historical aerial photographs, GNSS and photographic surveys. A preliminary qualitative analysis of NDVI maps showed that a multi-temporal approach, taking into account a delayed development of species, could be successfully used to discriminate Spartina species (sp.). Then, supervised and unsupervised classifications, used for the identification of Spartina sp., were evaluated. The performance of the species identification was highly dependent on the degree of environmental noise present in the image, which is season-dependent. The accurate identification of the native Spartina was higher than 75%, a result strongly affected by intra-patch variability and, specifically, by the presence of areas with a low vegetation density. Further, for the invasive Spartina anglica, when using a supervised classifier, rather than an unsupervised one, the accuracy of the classification increases from 10% to 90%. However, both algorithms highly overestimate the areas assigned to this species. Finally, the results highlight that the identification of the invasive species is highly dependent both on the seasonal presence of itinerant biological features and the size of vegetation patches. Further, we believe that the results could be strongly improved by a coupled approach, which combines spectral and spatial information, i.e., pattern-recognition techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T03:14:28Z","timestamp":1556075668000},"page":"968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Potential of High-Resolution Pl\u00e9iades Imagery to Monitor Salt Marsh Evolution After Spartina Invasion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Avenue des Facult\u00e9s, 33405 Talence CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-8274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Frappart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEGOS, UMR 5566, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Lubac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Avenue des Facult\u00e9s, 33405 Talence CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4023-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Marieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Avenue des Facult\u00e9s, 33405 Talence CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Ygorra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Avenue des Facult\u00e9s, 33405 Talence CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9036-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Bombrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire IMS, Signal and Image group, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5218, 351 Cours de la Lib\u00e9ration, 33400 Talence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Michalet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Avenue des Facult\u00e9s, 33405 Talence CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Sottolichio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Avenue des Facult\u00e9s, 33405 Talence CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.494","article-title":"Human Domination of Earth\u2019s Ecosystems","volume":"277","author":"Vitousek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2003)053[0481:BGDCFI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Biotic Globalization: Does Competition from Introduced Species Threaten Biodiversity?","volume":"53","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12078","article-title":"Invasive grasses, climate change, and exposure to storm-wave overtopping in coastal dune ecosystems","volume":"19","author":"Seabloom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. 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