{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T04:05:51Z","timestamp":1772942751576,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["691053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["691053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring forest\u2013agriculture mosaics is crucial for understanding landscape heterogeneity and managing biodiversity. Mapping these mosaics from remotely sensed imagery remains challenging, since ecological gradients from forested to agricultural areas make characterizing vegetation more difficult. The recent synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 (S-1) and optical Sentinel-2 (S-2) time series provide a great opportunity to monitor forest\u2013agriculture mosaics due to their high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, while a few studies have used the temporal resolution of S-2 time series alone to map land cover and land use in cropland and\/or forested areas, S-1 time series have not yet been investigated alone for this purpose. The combined use of S-1 &amp; S-2 time series has been assessed for only one or a few land cover classes. In this study, we assessed the potential of S-1 data alone, S-2 data alone, and their combined use for mapping forest\u2013agriculture mosaics over two study areas: a temperate mountainous landscape in the Cantabrian Range (Spain) and a tropical forested landscape in Paragominas (Brazil). Satellite images were classified using an incremental procedure based on an importance rank of the input features. The classifications obtained with S-2 data alone (mean kappa index = 0.59\u20130.83) were more accurate than those obtained with S-1 data alone (mean kappa index = 0.28\u20130.72). Accuracy increased when combining S-1 and 2 data (mean kappa index = 0.55\u20130.85). The method enables defining the number and type of features that discriminate land cover classes in an optimal manner according to the type of landscape considered. The best configuration for the Spanish and Brazilian study areas included 5 and 10 features, respectively, for S-2 data alone and 10 and 20 features, respectively, for S-1 data alone. Short-wave infrared and VV and VH polarizations were key features of S-2 and S-1 data, respectively. In addition, the method enables defining key periods that discriminate land cover classes according to the type of images used. For example, in the Cantabrian Range, winter and summer were key for S-2 time series, while spring and winter were key for S-1 time series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T03:02:59Z","timestamp":1556161379000},"page":"979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Evaluation of Sentinel-1 and 2 Time Series for Land Cover Classification of Forest\u2013Agriculture Mosaics in Temperate and Tropical Landscapes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Mercier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LETG Rennes UMR 6554 LETG, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1542-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Betbeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Ecosystems Modelling Unity, Forests, Biodiversity and Climate Change Program, Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Turrialba, Cartago 30501, Costa Rica"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florent","family":"Rumiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR TETIS, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, IRSTEA, F-34000 Montpellier, France"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Baudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR BAGAP, 65 rue de St-Brieuc CS 84215, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ry","family":"Gond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4923-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Bourgoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Cornu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7367-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ciudad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOGESFOR Research Group, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Marchamalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda y Morfolog\u00eda del Terreno, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Poccard-Chapuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Unit SELMET (Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9levage m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens et tropicaux), CIRAD-Napt Embrapa Belem Brasilia, Bairro Nova Conquista, Paragominas PA 68627-451, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Hubert-Moy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LETG Rennes UMR 6554 LETG, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130307","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0307","article-title":"A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: The Sustainable Amazon Network","volume":"368","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos. 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