{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:05:12Z","timestamp":1773191112734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]],"date-time":"2019-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The alternate mapping correlated k-distribution (AMCKD) method is studied and applied to satellite simulations. To evaluate the accuracy of AMCKD, the simulated brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere are compared with line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) or the observed data which are from Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) on board the Himawari-8, as well as Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI) on board the Fengyun-3D. The result of AMCKD is also compared with the algorithm of Radiative Transfer for the Television Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV). Under the standard atmospheric profiles, the absolute errors of AMCKD in all longwave channels of AHI and MERSI are bounded by 0.44K compared to the benchmark results of LBLRTM, which are more accurate than those of RTTOV. In the most cases, the error of AMCKD is smaller than the NEDT at ST, while the error of RTTOV is larger than the instrument noise equivalent temperature (NEDT) at scene temperature (ST). Under real atmospheric profile conditions, the errors of AMCKD increase, because the input data from ERA-Interim reanalysis dataause bias in the satellite remote sensing results. In the most considered cases, the accuracy of AMCKD is higher than RTTOV, while the efficiency of AMCKD is slightly slower than RTTOV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11090994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T02:07:58Z","timestamp":1556590078000},"page":"994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Alternate Mapping Correlated k-Distribution Method for Infrared Radiative Transfer Forward Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4373-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1554-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre For Climate Modelling and Analysis, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Victoria, BC V8W 3P2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0475-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ning","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2013.07.023","article-title":"Optical property dimensionality reduction techniques for accelerated radiative transfer performance: Application to remote sensing total ozone retrievals","volume":"133","author":"Efremenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-231-2004","article-title":"Multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS)","volume":"4","author":"Platt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.041","article-title":"Observations of tropospheric NO2 using ground based MAX-DOAS and OMI measurements during the Shanghai World Expo 2010","volume":"119","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.153","article-title":"Observations of tropospheric aerosols and NO2 in Hong Kong over 5 years using ground based MAX-DOAS","volume":"619\u2013620","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9027","DOI":"10.1029\/90JD01945","article-title":"A description of the correlated k-distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple-scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres","volume":"96","author":"Lacis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4073(89)90044-7","article-title":"The correlated-k method for radiation calculations in nonhomogeneous atmospheres","volume":"42","author":"Goody","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1992)049<2139:OTCDMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres","volume":"49","author":"Fu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02678137","article-title":"Effect of atmospheric overlapping bands and their treatment on the calculation of thermal radiation","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chin. Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-3396.1","article-title":"A radiation algorithm with correlated-k distribution. Part I: Local thermal equilibrium","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.2012.755610","article-title":"The Canadian fourth generation atmospheric global climate model (CanAM4). Part I: Representation of physical processes","volume":"51","author":"Scinocca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"22893","article-title":"Observed and model simulated 20th century Arctic temperature variability: Canadian earth system model CanESM2","volume":"11","author":"Chylek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2003)060<0865:IAPCIM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interpolation and profile correction (IPC) method for shortwave radiative transfer in spectral intervals of gaseous absorption","volume":"60","author":"Lyapustin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(97)00169-6","article-title":"Fast computation of monochromatic infrared atmospheric transmittances using compressed look-up tables","volume":"59","author":"Strow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808244","article-title":"An overview of the AIRS radiative transfer model","volume":"41","author":"Strow","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-8152(02)00027-0","article-title":"The \u03c3-IASI code for the calculation of infrared atmospheric radiance and its derivatives","volume":"17","author":"Amato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.181","article-title":"An improved general fast radiative transfer model for the assimilation of radiance observations","volume":"130","author":"Matricardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goody, R.M., and Yung, Y.L. (1989). Atmospheric Radiation Theoretical Basis, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195051346.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18135","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900131","article-title":"Improvements to the correlated-k radiative transfer method: Application to satellite infrared sounding","volume":"105","author":"Edwards","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-0180.1","article-title":"Development of a GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager Solar Channel Radiance Simulator for Ice Clouds","volume":"52","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022443","article-title":"A fast Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite simulator for cloudy atmospheres","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.026","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature\/Emissivity products","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058","article-title":"Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: A summary of the AER codes, Short Communication","volume":"91","author":"Clough","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15761","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01419","article-title":"Line-by-line calculation of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates: Application to water vapor","volume":"97","author":"Clough","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002","article-title":"The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"1330","author":"Rothman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0295","article-title":"Development and recent evaluation of the MT_CKD model of continuum absorption","volume":"370","author":"Mlawer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D17106","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012968","article-title":"A far-infrared radiative closure study in the Arctic: Application to water vapor","volume":"115","author":"Delamere","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2091416","article-title":"Water vapor continuum absorption in the microwave","volume":"49","author":"Payne","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2317","article-title":"Estimating low-frequency variability and trends in atmospheric temperature using ERA-Interim","volume":"140","author":"Simmons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D01110","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012442","article-title":"Low-frequency variations in surface atmospheric humidity, temperature and precipitation: Inferences from reanalyses and monthly gridded observational datasets","volume":"115","author":"Simmons","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClatchey, R.A., Fenn, R.W., Selby, J.A., Volz, F.E., and Garing, J.S. (1972). Optical Properties of the Atmosphere, Optical Physics Laboratory, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0726116"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-16-0105.1","article-title":"Characterization of Bias of Advanced Himawari Imager Infrared Observations from NWP Background Simulations Using CRTM and RTTOV","volume":"33","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/9\/994\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:47:16Z","timestamp":1760186836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/9\/994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11090994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11090994","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]]}}}