{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T16:57:27Z","timestamp":1769878647568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The on-board real-time tree crown detection from high-resolution remote sensing images is beneficial for avoiding the delay between data acquisition and processing, reducing the quantity of data transmission from the satellite to the ground, monitoring the growing condition of individual trees, and discovering the damage of trees as early as possible, etc. Existing high performance platform based tree crown detection studies either focus on processing images in a small size or suffer from high power consumption or slow processing speed. In this paper, we propose the first FPGA-based real-time tree crown detection approach for large-scale satellite images. A pipelined-friendly and resource-economic tree crown detection algorithm (PF-TCD) is designed through reconstructing and modifying the workflow of the original algorithm into three computational kernels on FPGAs. Compared with the well-optimized software implementation of the original algorithm on an Intel 12-core CPU, our proposed PF-TCD obtains the speedup of 18.75 times for a satellite image with a size of 12,188 \u00d7 12,576 pixels without reducing the detection accuracy. The image processing time for the large-scale remote sensing image is only 0.33 s, which satisfies the requirements of the on-board real-time data processing on satellites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T08:51:44Z","timestamp":1556614304000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Real-Time Tree Crown Detection Approach for Large-Scale Remote Sensing Images on FPGAs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Conghui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"SenseTime Group Limited, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]},{"given":"Haohuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Juepeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Runmin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Maocai","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Luk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2RH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., He, C., Fu, H., and Luk, W. 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