{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:50:34Z","timestamp":1761897034771,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G14AC00370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G14AC00370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX15AP36A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AP36A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work extends an empirical absolute calibration model initially developed for the Libya 4 Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Site (PICS) to five additional Saharan Desert PICS (Egypt 1, Libya 1, Niger 1, Niger 2, and Sudan 1), and demonstrates the efficacy of the resulting models at predicting sensor top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance. It attempts to generate absolute calibration models for these PICS that have an accuracy and precision comparable to or better than the current Libya 4 model, with the intent of providing additional opportunities for sensor calibration. In addition, this work attempts to validate the general applicability of the model to other sites. The method uses Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as the reference radiometer and Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion image data to provide a representative hyperspectral reflectance profile of the PICS. Data from a region of interest (ROI) in an \u201coptimal region\u201d of 3% temporal, spatial, and spectral stability within the PICS are used for developing the model. The developed models were used to simulate observations of the Landsat 7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat 8 (L8) Operational Land Imager (OLI), Sentinel 2A (S2A) MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) and Sentinel 2B (S2B) MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) from their respective launch date through 2018. The models developed for the Egypt 1, Libya 1 and Sudan 1 PICS have an estimated accuracy of approximately 3% and precision of approximately 2% for the sensors used in the study, comparable to the current Libya 4 model. The models developed for the Niger 1 and Niger 2 sites are significantly less accurate with similar precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T08:19:59Z","timestamp":1557389999000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Empirical Absolute Calibration Model for Multiple Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0922-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bipin","family":"Raut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"},{"name":"Image Processing Lab, Engineering Office of Research, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}]},{"given":"Morakot","family":"Kaewmanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Lab, Engineering Office of Research, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Angal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Applications Inc., 10210 Greenbelt Road, Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences and Exploration Directorate, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Helder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00211-1","article-title":"Selection and characterization of Saharan and Arabian desert sites for the calibration of optical satellite sensors","volume":"58","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"EROS (2019, May 08). Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Legacy - Calibration\/Validation Test Sites, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/eros\/science\/usgs-eros-archive-committee-earth-observation-satellites-ceos-legacy?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-085","article-title":"Optimized identification of worldwide radiometric pseudo-invariant calibration sites","volume":"36","author":"Helder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021327","article-title":"Absolute calibration of optical satellite sensors using Libya 4 pseudo invariant calibration site","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, C., Ponzoni, F., Castro, R., Leigh, L., Mishra, N., Aaron, D., and Helder, D. (2016). First in-flight radiometric calibration of MUX and WFI on-board CBERS-4. Remote. Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050405"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.032","article-title":"Continuous calibration improvement in solar reflective bands: Landsat 5 through Landsat 8","volume":"185","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12619","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212619","article-title":"Radiometric cross calibration of Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI) and Landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+)","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2274594","article-title":"Desert-based absolute calibration of successive geostationary visible sensors using a daily exoatmospheric radiance model","volume":"52","author":"Bhatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Vuppula, H. (2017). Normalization of Pseudo-invariant Calibration Sites for Increasing the Temporal Resolution and Long-term Trending. [Master\u2019s Theses, South Dakota State University]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2243738","article-title":"Absolute radiometric calibration of Landsat using a pseudo invariant calibration site","volume":"51","author":"Helder","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815406","article-title":"Evaluation of radiative transfer simulations over bright desert calibration sites","volume":"42","author":"Govaerts","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govaerts, Y., Sterckx, S., and Adriaensen, S. (2012, January 22\u201327). Optical sensor calibration using simulated radiances over desert sites. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352568"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.039","article-title":"Radiometric comparison of multispectral imagers over a pseudo-invariant calibration site using a reference radiometric model","volume":"140","author":"Bouvet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-006-0008-3","article-title":"An overview of MODIS radiometric calibration and characterization","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.890567","article-title":"Multiyear on-orbit calibration and performance of Terra MODIS reflective solar bands","volume":"45","author":"Xiong","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.896541","article-title":"MODIS reflective solar bands on-orbit lunar calibration","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815999","article-title":"Overview of the earth observing one (EO-1) mission","volume":"41","author":"Ungar","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815018","article-title":"Hyperion, a space-based imaging spectrometer","volume":"41","author":"Pearlman","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2249496","article-title":"The earth observing one (EO-1) satellite mission: Over a decade in space","volume":"6","author":"Middleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"EEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2225417","article-title":"Vicarious calibration of EO-1 Hyperion","volume":"6","author":"McCorkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2246139","article-title":"EO-1 hyperion reflectance time series at calibration and validation sites: Stability and sensitivity to seasonal dynamics","volume":"6","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Farhad, M.M. (2018). Cross Calibration and Validation of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2A MSI. [Master\u2019s Theses, South Dakota State University]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1029\/JB086iB04p03039","article-title":"Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy: 1. Theory","volume":"86","author":"Hapke","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/36.655331","article-title":"BRDF models to predict spectral reflectance and emissivity in the thermal infrared","volume":"36","author":"Snyder","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841980","article-title":"An algorithm for the retrieval of albedo from space using semiempirical BRDF models","volume":"38","author":"Lucht","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Shrestha, M. (2016). Bidirectional Distribution Reflectance Function of Algodones Dunes. [Master\u2019s Theses, South Dakota State University]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1507613","article-title":"Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat-8 OLI radiometric cross comparison over desert sites","volume":"51","author":"Barsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Helder, D., Kaewmanee, M., and Farhad, M.M. (2019, May 08). Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 Data Interoperability: Looking from the Calibration Perspective. South Dakota State University: Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center CalVal Center of Excellence (ECCOE), Available online: https:\/\/calval.cr.usgs.gov\/apps\/sites\/default\/files\/jacie\/DHelderJACIETalk2017Final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.22158\/wjssr.v3n1p37","article-title":"Sample size guideline for correlation analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bujang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Soc. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"ENV13005, N. (1999). Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, AFNOR. Available online: https:\/\/www.bipm.org\/utils\/common\/documents\/jcgm\/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836389","article-title":"Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric stability and absolute calibration","volume":"42","author":"Markham","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2003.12.003","article-title":"Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications","volume":"76","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Solar Energy"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/9\/1105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:50:25Z","timestamp":1760187025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/9\/1105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11091105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11091105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]}}}