{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:42:14Z","timestamp":1773844934125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R &amp; D Program of China","award":["2017YFB0502800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0502800"]}]},{"name":"National Key R &amp; D Program of China","award":["2017YFB0502802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0502802"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41405040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41405040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41775034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41775034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41405039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41405039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41505030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41505030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41606206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41606206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA15007501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA15007501"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["YZ201129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ201129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The state-of-art global navigation satellite system (GNSS) occultation sounder (GNOS) onboard the FengYun 3 series C satellite (FY-3C) has been in operation for more than five years. The accumulation of FY-3C GNOS atmospheric data makes it ready to be used in atmosphere and climate research fields. This work first introduces FY-3C GNOS into tropopause research and gives the error evaluation results of long-term FY-3C atmosphere profiles. We compare FY-3C results with Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) and radiosonde results and also present the FY-3C global seasonal tropopause patterns. The mean temperature deviation between FY-3C GNOS temperature profiles and COSMIC temperature profiles from January 2014 to December 2017 is globally less than 0.2 K, and the bias of tropopause height (TPH) and tropopause temperature (TPT) annual cycle derived from both collocated pairs are about 80\u2013100 m and 1\u20132 K, respectively. Also, the correlation coefficients between FY-3C GNOS tropopause parameters and each radiosonde counterpart are generally larger than 0.9 and the corresponding regression coefficients are close to 1. Multiple climate phenomena shown in seasonal patterns coincide with results of other relevant studies. Our results demonstrate the long-term stability of FY-3C GNOS atmosphere profiles and utility of FY-3C GNOS data in the climate research field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T11:00:57Z","timestamp":1557745257000},"page":"1139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Validation of Preliminary Results of Thermal Tropopause Derived from FY-3C GNOS Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yueqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Intellectual Property Office of the P.R.C, Beijing 100088, China"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Xianyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yusen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangguang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Congliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Yuerong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Dongwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1029\/95RG02097","article-title":"Stratosphere-troposphere exchange","volume":"33","author":"Holton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randel, W.J., Wu, F., V\u00f6mel, H., Nedoluha, G.E., and Forster, P. (2006). Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer-Dobson circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006744"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2004)061<2133:ICOSWV>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interannual changes of stratospheric water vapor and correlations with tropical tropopause temperatures","volume":"61","author":"Randel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A.E., Dunkerton, T.J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P. (2009). Tropical tropopause layer. Rev. Geophys., 47.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008RG000267"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084123","article-title":"Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes","volume":"301","author":"Santer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz, D.J., and DeWeaver, E.T. (2007). Tropopause height and zonal wind response to global warming in the IPCC scenario integrations. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008087"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19183","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01929","article-title":"Correlations between Tropopause Height and Total Ozone: Implications for Long-Term Changes","volume":"103","author":"Steinbrecht","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2003\/0012-0131","article-title":"Use of changes in tropopause height to detect human influences on climate","volume":"12","author":"Sausen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birner, T., Sankey, D., and Shepherd, T.G. (2006). The tropopause inversion layer in models and analyses. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026549"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-003-0334-4","article-title":"A closer look at the climatological discontinuities present in the NCEP\/NCAR reanalysis temperature due to the introduction of satellite data","volume":"21","author":"Sturaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<3866:OTIORP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the (in-)homogeneity of reanalysis products","volume":"17","author":"Sterl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-5181-2015","article-title":"Characterization of thermal structure and conditions for overshooting of tropical and extratropical cyclones with GPS radio occultation","volume":"15","author":"Biondi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-10239-2015","article-title":"Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data","volume":"15","author":"Basha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.78.6_691","article-title":"Seasonal and longitudinal variations in the tropical tropopause observed with the GPS occultation technique (GPS\/MET)","volume":"78","author":"Nishida","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randel, W.J., Wu, F., and Rivera, R.W. (2003). Thermal variability of the tropical tropopause region derived from GPS\/MET observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002595"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, T., Wickert, J., Beyerle, G., and Reigber, C. (2004). Tropical tropopause parameters derived from GPS radio occultation measurements with CHAMP. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004566"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1473-2005","article-title":"Gps radio occultation with champ and sac-c: Global monitoring of thermal tropopause parameters","volume":"5","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, T., Wickert, J., Beyerle, G., and Heise, S. (2008). Global tropopause height trends estimated from GPS radio occultation data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034012"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00554.1","article-title":"Tropical Cold-Point Tropopause: Climatology, Seasonal Cycle, and Intraseasonal Variability Derived from COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation Measurements","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, S.W., Tandon, N.F., and Polvani, L.M. (2011). The fin-scale structure of the global tropopause derived from COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016030"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3947-2014","article-title":"Characteristics of tropopause parameters as observed with GPS radio occultation","volume":"7","author":"Rieckh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.09.013","article-title":"Characteristics of the global thermal tropopause derived from multiple radio occultation measurements","volume":"185","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wang, X.Y., Sun, Y.Q., Du, Q.F., Bai, W.H., Wang, D.W., Cai, Y.R., Wu, D., and Yu, Q.L. (2014, January 13\u201318). GNOS\u2014Radio Occultation Sounder on Board of Chinese FY3 Satellites. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2014), Quebec, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-5797-2018","article-title":"The FengYun-3C radio occultation sounder GNOS: A review of the mission and its early results and science applications","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-1817-2014","article-title":"An introduction to the FY3 GNOS instrument and mountain-top tests","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Q.F., Sun, Y.Q., Bai, W.H., Wang, X.Y., Wang, D.W., Meng, X.G., Cai, Y.R., Liu, C.L., Wu, D., and Wu, C.J. (2016, January 10\u201315). The Next Generation GNOS Instrument for FY-3 Meteorological Satellites. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2016), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729093"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-Z., Zhu, G.-W., Bai, W.-H., Liu, C., Sun, Y.-Q., Du, Q.-F., Wang, X.-Y., Meng, X.-G., Yang, G.-L., and Yang, Z.-D. (2015). For the first time fengyun3 C satellite-global navigation satellite system occultation sounder achieved spaceborne Bei Dou system radio occultation. Acta Phys. Sin., 64.","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.64.089301"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-819-2018","article-title":"Evaluation of atmospheric profiles derived from single- and zero-difference excess phase processing of BeiDou radio occultation data from the FY-3C GNOS mission","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025902","article-title":"The power of vertical geolocation of atmospheric profiles from GNSS radio occultation","volume":"122","author":"Steiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, H.W. (2009). A robust method for tropopause altitude identification using GPS radio occultation data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039231"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.01.021","article-title":"Variability of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observed with GPS radio occultation bending angles and temperatures","volume":"46","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15509","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900155","article-title":"Interannual variability of the tropical tropopause derived from radiosonde data and NCEP reanalyses","volume":"105","author":"Randel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712454911","article-title":"The tropical tropopause","volume":"124","author":"Highwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<3117:TTITPR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Tropopause in the Polar Regions","volume":"14","author":"Hoinka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2009-036","article-title":"Characteristics of tropopause and tropopause inversion layer in the polar region","volume":"5","author":"Tomikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-1819-2015","article-title":"Climate intercomparison of GPS radio occultation, RS90\/92 radiosondes and GRUAN from 2002 to 2013","volume":"8","author":"Steiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/9\/1139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:51:32Z","timestamp":1760187092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/9\/1139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11091139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11091139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]}}}