{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:39:45Z","timestamp":1774928385554,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]],"date-time":"2019-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAS Strategic Priority Research Programme","award":["XDA20050103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20050103"]}]},{"name":"CAS Strategic Priority Research Programme","award":["XDA19030202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19030202"]}]},{"name":"International Cooperation and Exchange of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31761123001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31761123001"]}]},{"name":"International Cooperation and Exchange of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31761143018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31761143018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau covers an area of about 1\/3 of China\u2019s total grassland area and plays a crucial role in regulating grassland ecological functions. Both environmental changes and irrational use of the grassland can result in severe grassland degradation in some areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, the magnitude and patterns of the physical and anthropogenic factors in driving grassland variation over northern Tibet remain debatable, and the interactive influences among those factors are still unclear. In this study, we employed a geographical detector model to quantify the primary and interactive impacts of both the physical factors (precipitation, temperature, sunshine duration, soil type, elevation, slope, and aspect) and the anthropogenic factors (population density, road density, residential density, grazing density, per capita GDP, and land use type) on vegetation variation from 2000 to 2015 in northern Tibet. Our results show that the vegetation index in northern Tibet significantly decreased from 2000 to 2015. Overall, the stability of vegetation types was sorted as follows: the alpine scrub &gt; the alpine steppe &gt; the alpine meadow. The physical factors, rather than the anthropogenic factors, have been the primary driving factors for vegetation dynamics in northern Tibet. Specifically, meteorological factors best explained the alpine meadow and alpine steppe variation. Precipitation was the key factor that influenced the alpine meadow variation, whereas temperature was the key factor that contributed to the alpine steppe variation. The anthropogenic factors, such as population density, grazing density and per capita GDP, influenced the alpine scrub variation most. The influence of population density is highly similar to that of grazing density, which may provide convenient access to simplify the study of the anthropogenic activities in the Tibet plateau. The interactions between the driving factors had larger effects on vegetation than any single factor. In the alpine meadow, the interaction between precipitation and temperature can explain 44.6% of the vegetation variation. In the alpine scrub, the interaction between temperature and GDP was the highest, accounting for 27.5% of vegetation variation. For the alpine steppe, the interaction between soil type and population density can explain 29.4% of the vegetation variation. The highest value of vegetation degradation occurred in the range of 448\u2013469 mm rainfall in the alpine meadow, 0.61\u20131.23 people\/km2 in the alpine scrub and \u20130.83\u20130.15 \u00b0C in the alpine steppe, respectively. These findings could contribute to a better understanding of degradation prevention and sustainable development of the alpine grassland ecosystem in northern Tibet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T11:05:07Z","timestamp":1558350307000},"page":"1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of Physical and Anthropogenic Factors on Vegetation Spatial-Temporal Variation in Northern Tibet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qinwei","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Anquan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronghai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357 CNRS-University of Strasbourg, 300 bd Sebastien Brant, CS 10413, F-67412 Illkirch CEDEX, France"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Boyang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yanfen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Research Network of Global Change Biology, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0932734100","article-title":"Additive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated CO2, and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversity","volume":"100","author":"Zavaleta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-008-0115-x","article-title":"Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under global climate change","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1021\/es2047188","article-title":"Ecological and environmental issues faced by a developing Tibet","volume":"46","author":"Chengqun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.014","article-title":"Driving forces of recent vegetation changes in the Sahel: Lessons learned from regional and local level analyses","volume":"191","author":"Leroux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ08061","article-title":"Spatial and temporal pattern of alpine grassland condition and its response to human activities in Northern Tibet, China","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-697X.2005.00003.x","article-title":"The grassland farming system and sustainable agricultural development in China","volume":"51","author":"Nan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Grassl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2009.06.014","article-title":"Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes","volume":"74","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.1108","article-title":"Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Implications for rehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2016.03.006","article-title":"Quantitative assess the driving forces on the grassland degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in China","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., Zu, J., and Zhang, J. (2016). The influences of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100876"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.71.9.1053","article-title":"Lag and Seasonality Considerations in Evaluating AVHRR NDVI Response to Precipitation","volume":"71","author":"Ji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(93)90559-T","article-title":"Global correlation of temperature, NDVI and precipitation","volume":"13","author":"Schultz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-008-0147-6","article-title":"Assessing onset and length of greening period in six vegetation types in Oaxaca, Mexico, using NDVI-precipitation relationships","volume":"52","author":"Galicia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0095-y","article-title":"Satellite-indicated long-term vegetation changes and their drivers on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504418112","article-title":"Evaporative cooling over the Tibetan Plateau induced by vegetation growth","volume":"112","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"The response of vegetation dynamics of the different alpine grassland types to temperature and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"188","author":"Jian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041894","article-title":"On the variation of NDVI with the principal climatic elements in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1657\/1523-0430(07-501)[CHU]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sensitivity of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to seasonal and interannual climate conditions in the Lhasa area, Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"39","author":"Chu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6765","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6086765","article-title":"Relationship between the growing season maximum enhanced vegetation index and climatic factors on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.011","article-title":"Re-greening Sahel: 30 years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger)","volume":"140","author":"Dardel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-6339-8","article-title":"Variations in vegetation net primary production in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China, from 1982 to 1999","volume":"74","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9617-z","article-title":"Dynamics of alpine grassland NPP and its response to climate change in Northern Tibet","volume":"97","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-006-0201-4","article-title":"Characteristics of grassland degradation and driving forces in the source region of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2000","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"115","article-title":"Mapping degraded grassland on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau with multi-temporal Landsat 8 data\u2014Where do the severely degraded areas occur?","volume":"42","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1994","article-title":"Human impacts on landscape structure in Wolong Natural Reserve","volume":"21","author":"Hui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(03)00121-6","article-title":"Discrimination between climate and human-induced dryland degradation","volume":"57","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.083666","article-title":"Analysis of vegetation dynamics and climatic variability impacts on greenness across Canada using remotely sensed data from 2000 to 2009","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"604","article-title":"Impact of climate change and human activities on vegetation coverage in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arid Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatio-temporal pattern and change of Nagqu grassland and the influence of human factors","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Prat. Sin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"116","article-title":"Geodetector: Principle and prospective","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.06.023","article-title":"Landscape spatial patterns in the Maowusu (Mu Us) Sandy Land, northern China and their impact factors","volume":"145","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Z., Xu, X., Zhang, H., Wu, Z., and Liu, Y. (2016). Geographical detector-based identification of the impact of major determinants on aeolian desertification risk. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151331"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.01.015","article-title":"Environmental health risk detection with GeogDetector","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Liu, S.Z., Zhou, L., Qiu, C.S., Zhang, J.P., Fang, Y.P., and Gao, W.S. (1999). Studies on Grassland Degradation and Desertification of Naqu Prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region, The Tibet People\u2019s Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-14-00110.1","article-title":"Spatial-temporal NDVI variation of different alpine grassland classes and groups in Northern Tibet from 2000 to 2013","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Didan, K. (2015). MOD13Q1 MODIS\/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006 [Data set], NASA EOSDIS LP DAAC."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701264284","article-title":"Greenness trends of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s: comparison of two NDVI data sets from NOAA AVHRR systems","volume":"28","author":"Stow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2006.0001","article-title":"Variations in grassland vegetation cover in relation to climatic factors on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799508902045","article-title":"Interpolating mean rainfall using thin plate smoothing splines","volume":"9","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24367","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24367","article-title":"Climate variability rather than overstocking causes recent large scale cover changes of Tibetan pastures","volume":"6","author":"Lehnert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Sneyers, R. (1990). On the Statistical Analysis of Series of Observations, World Meteorological Organization."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Sneyers, R. (1963). Sur la Determination de la Stabilite des Series Climatologiques. Changes of Climate: Proceedings of the Rome Symposium\/Organized by Unesco and the World Meteorological Organization, Unesco."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.10.012","article-title":"Seasonal and annual precipitation time series trend analysis in North Carolina, United States","volume":"137","author":"Sayemuzzaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.080","article-title":"Spatial self-aggregation effects and national division of city-level PM2.5 concentrations in China based on spatio-temporal clustering","volume":"207","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01683-4","article-title":"Climatic determinants impacting the distribution of greenness in China: regional differentiation and spatial variability","volume":"63","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.424","article-title":"Assessment of the Geographical Detector Method for investigating heavy metal source apportionment in an urban watershed of Eastern China","volume":"653","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.039","article-title":"Spatiotemporal decomposition and risk determinants of hand, foot and mouth disease in Henan, China","volume":"657","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"78","article-title":"Optimal discretization for geographical detectors-based risk assessment","volume":"50","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mapp. Sci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3572","article-title":"Vegetation greenness trend (2000 to 2009) and the climate controls in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"5","article-title":"The variability of grassland net primary production in Tibet and its responses to no grazing project","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Grassl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.11.033","article-title":"Review of indirect optical measurements of leaf area index: Recent advances, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"265","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.032","article-title":"Indirect measurement of leaf area index on the basis of path length distribution","volume":"155","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.3390\/s7123312","article-title":"Evaluation of grassland dynamics in the Northern-Tibet Plateau of China using remote sensing and climate data","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"507","article-title":"Seasonal time lag response of NDVI to temperature and precipitation change and its spatial characteristics in Tibetan Plateau","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-1707-2013","article-title":"Meta-analysis of relationships between environmental factors and aboveground biomass in the alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.11.017","article-title":"Increased precipitation has stronger effects on plant production of an alpine meadow than does experimental warming in the Northern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"249","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"20","article-title":"A review of the cause of rangeland degradation on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"24","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pratac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1126\/science.293.5536.1723a","article-title":"Interannual variability in net primary production and precipitation","volume":"293","author":"Fang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0163","article-title":"Analysis of factors controlling soil carbon in the conterminous United States","volume":"70","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00569","article-title":"Stair-step pattern of soil bacterial diversity mainly driven by pH and vegetation types along the elevational gradients of Gongga Mountain, China","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3560","article-title":"Estimation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) using sunshine duration","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29717","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01219","article-title":"Estimation of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed at the surface","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/10\/1183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:53:22Z","timestamp":1760187202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/10\/1183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11101183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11101183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]]}}}