{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:51:35Z","timestamp":1781045495201,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003629","name":"Korea Meteorological Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMIPA2015-1100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMIPA2015-1100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016M3C4A7952637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016M3C4A7952637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared detection skill for tropical cyclone (TC) formation using models based on three different machine learning (ML) algorithms-decision trees (DT), random forest (RF), and support vector machines (SVM)-and a model based on Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Eight predictors were derived from WindSat satellite measurements of ocean surface wind and precipitation over the western North Pacific for 2005\u20132009. All of the ML approaches performed better with significantly higher hit rates ranging from 94 to 96% compared with LDA performance (~77%), although false alarm rate by MLs is slightly higher (21\u201328%) than that by LDA (~13%). Besides, MLs could detect TC formation at the time as early as 26\u201330 h before the first time diagnosed as tropical depression by the JTWC best track, which was also 5 to 9 h earlier than that by LDA. The skill differences across MLs were relatively smaller than difference between MLs and LDA. Large yearly variation in forecast lead time was common in all models due to the limitation in sampling from orbiting satellite. This study highlights that ML approaches provide an improved skill for detecting TC formation compared with conventional linear approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T11:05:07Z","timestamp":1558350307000},"page":"1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Machine Learning Approaches for Detecting Tropical Cyclone Formation Using Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Minsang","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"},{"name":"Satellite Analysis Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27803, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Sook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4506-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungho","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Operation and Application Center, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8983-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myong-In","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2008)9:1(29)","article-title":"Normalized hurricane damage in the united states: 1900\u20132005","volume":"9","author":"Pielke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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