{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:24:35Z","timestamp":1771341875733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Community\u2019s Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement 305377 (BRIDGE Project).","award":["305377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305377"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We used a one-year long SO2 flux record, which was obtained using a novel algorithm for real-time automatic processing of ultraviolet (UV) camera data, to characterize changes in degassing dynamics at the Mt. Etna volcano in 2016. These SO2 flux records, when combined with independent thermal and seismic evidence, allowed for capturing switches in activity from paroxysmal explosive eruptions to quiescent degassing. We found SO2 fluxes 1.5\u20132 times higher than the 2016 average (1588 tons\/day) during the Etna\u2019s May 16\u201325 eruptive paroxysmal activity, and mild but detectable SO2 flux increases more than one month before its onset. The SO2 flux typically peaked during a lava fountain. Here, the average SO2 degassing rate was ~158 kg\/s, the peak emission was ~260 kg\/s, and the total released SO2 mass was ~1700 tons (in 3 h on 18 May, 2016). Comparison between our data and prior (2014\u20132015) results revealed systematic SO2 emission patterns prior to, during, and after an Etna\u2019s paroxysmal phases, which allows us to tentatively identify thresholds between pre-eruptive, syn-eruptive, and post-eruptive degassing regimes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T11:05:07Z","timestamp":1558350307000},"page":"1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Changes in SO2 Flux Regime at Mt. Etna Captured by Automatically Processed Ultraviolet Camera Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6085-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Delle Donne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Marine Science Dept. (DiSTeM)\u2014University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"INGV\u2014Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Aiuppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Marine Science Dept. (DiSTeM)\u2014University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Bitetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Marine Science Dept. (DiSTeM)\u2014University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"D\u2019Aleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INGV, Sez. Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Coltelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INGV\u2013Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7181-4122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Dept., University of Turin, 10125 Torino Italy"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Pecora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INGV\u2013Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Ripepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Dept., University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Tamburello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INGV, Sez. Bologna, 40128 Bologna, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Volcanic Degassing: Process and Impact","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Holland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Treatise on Geochemistry, The Crust"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, T.P., and Chiodini, G. (2015). Volcanic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Gas Discharges. Encyclopaedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385938-9.00045-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, A., Fristad, K.E., and Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (2015). Volcanic Gas Monitoring. 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