{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:05:13Z","timestamp":1774123513906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31600368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31600368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid invasion of Spartina alterniflora into Chinese coastal wetlands has attracted much attention. Many field and remote sensing studies have examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of S. alterniflora invasion; however, spatially explicit quantitative analyses of S. alterniflora invasion and its underlying mechanisms at both patch and landscape scales are seldom reported. To fill this knowledge gap, we integrated multi-temporal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived elevation data, and tidal and meteorological time series to explore the growth potential (lateral expansion rates and canopy greenness) of S. alterniflora over the intertidal zone in a subtropical coastal wetland (Zhangjiang estuarine wetland, Fujian, China). Our analyses of patch expansion indicated that isolated S. alterniflora patches in this wetland experienced high lateral expansion over the past several years (averaged at 4.28 m\/year in patch diameter during 2014\u20132017), and lateral expansion rates (   y   , m\/year) showed a statistically significant declining trend with increasing inundation (   x   , h\/day;     3 \u2264 x \u2264 18    ):     y = \u2212 0.17 x + 5.91    ,      R 2  = 0.78    . Our analyses of canopy greenness showed that the seasonality of the growth potential of S. alterniflora was driven by temperature (Pearson correlation coefficient     r = 0.76    ) and precipitation (    r = 0.68    ), with the growth potential peaking in early\/middle summer with high temperature and adequate precipitation. Together, we concluded that the growth potential of S. alterniflora was co-regulated by tidal and meteorological regimes, in which spatial heterogeneity is controlled by tidal inundation while temporal variation is controlled by both temperature and precipitation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first spatially explicit quantitative study to examine the influences of tidal and meteorological regimes on both spatial heterogeneity (over the intertidal zone) and temporal variation (intra- and inter-annual) of S. alterniflora at both patch and landscape scales. These findings could serve critical empirical evidence to help answer how coastal salt marshes respond to climate change and assess the vulnerability and resilience of coastal salt marshes to rising sea level. Our UAV-based methodology could be applied to many types of plant community distributions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T03:22:03Z","timestamp":1558581723000},"page":"1208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Tidal and Meteorological Influences on the Growth of Invasive Spartina alterniflora: Evidence from UAV Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Ministry of Education), Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]},{"given":"Lingxuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Ministry of Education), Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8710-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Ministry of Education), Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2498-0934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qihao","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Urban and Environmental Change, Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0511-642X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Ministry of Education), Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Baruch Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1510.1","article-title":"The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services","volume":"81","author":"Barbier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1970","article-title":"The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation","volume":"3","author":"Duarte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12859","article-title":"Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change","volume":"504","author":"Temmerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-014-4954-9","article-title":"Environment-ecosystem dynamic processes of Spartina alterniflora salt-marshes along the eastern China coastlines","volume":"57","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2251","article-title":"Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kudella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[2869:ROCWTR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level","volume":"83","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12856","article-title":"Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise","volume":"504","author":"Kirwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0476-5","article-title":"Future response of global coastal wetlands to sea-level rise","volume":"561","author":"Schuerch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2006.05.025","article-title":"Competition among marsh macrophytes by means of geomorphological displacement in the intertidal zone","volume":"69","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700958104","article-title":"A coupled geomorphic and ecological model of tidal marsh evolution","volume":"104","author":"Kirwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariotti, G., and Fagherazzi, S. (2010). A numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001326"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.2307\/1938633","article-title":"A 5-yr record of aerial primary production and stand characteristics of Spartina alterniflora","volume":"71","author":"Morris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.08.027","article-title":"The relationship between inundation duration and Spartina alterniflora growth along the Jiangsu coast, China","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x","article-title":"Spartina invasion in China: Implications for invasive species management and future research","volume":"47","author":"An","year":"2007","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9244-z","article-title":"Invasive alien plants in marine protected areas: The Spartina anglica affair in the European Wadden Sea","volume":"10","author":"Nehring","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.12.107","article-title":"Spatial distribution of an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora and its potential as biofuels in China","volume":"52","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135803","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary misadventures of Spartina","volume":"44","author":"Strong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1942263","article-title":"Development of a New England Salt Marsh","volume":"42","author":"Redfield","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2307\/1351966","article-title":"The relationship of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) to tidal datums: A review","volume":"11","author":"Mckee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10962","article-title":"Using a marsh organ to predict future plant communities in a Chinese estuary invaded by an exotic grass and mangrove","volume":"63","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2004.08.010","article-title":"Tidal regime, salinity and salt marsh plant zonation","volume":"62","author":"Silvestri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01834.x","article-title":"Latitudinal trends in Spartina alterniflora productivity and the response of coastal marshes to global change","volume":"15","author":"Kirwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2006.06.005","article-title":"A study of the population dynamics of Spartina alterniflora at Jiuduansha shoals, Shanghai, China","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai, J., Gao, W., Gao, Z., Shi, R., and Zhang, C. (2017). Phenology-based Spartina alterniflora mapping in coastal wetland of the Yangtze Estuary using time series of GaoFen satellite no. 1 wide field of view imagery. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.026020"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Mao, D., Wang, Z., Li, L., Man, W., Jia, M., Ren, C., and Zhang, Y. (2018). Rapid Invasion of Spartina alterniflora in the Coastal Zone of Mainland China: New Observations from Landsat OLI Images. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121933"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2010457","article-title":"Thermal and Narrowband Multispectral Remote Sensing for Vegetation Monitoring From an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","volume":"27","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061671","article-title":"Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Remote Sensing and Scientific Research: Classification and Considerations of Use","volume":"4","author":"Watts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1890\/120150","article-title":"Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.02.009","article-title":"UAV photogrammetry for topographic monitoring of coastal areas","volume":"104","author":"Henriques","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.04.011","article-title":"Monitoring height and greenness of non-woody floodplain vegetation with UAV time series","volume":"141","author":"Straatsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500219018","article-title":"Integrating LIDAR elevation data, multi-spectral imagery and neural network modelling for marsh characterization","volume":"26","author":"Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041787","article-title":"Extraction of Mangrove Biophysical Parameters Using Airborne LiDAR","volume":"5","author":"Wannasiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagomasino, D., Fatoyinbo, T., Lee, S., Feliciano, E., Trettin, C., and Simard, M. (2016). A Comparison of Mangrove Canopy Height Using Multiple Independent Measurements from Land, Air, and Space. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040327"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa9f03","article-title":"Estimating mangrove aboveground biomass from airborne LiDAR data: A case study from the Zambezi River delta","volume":"13","author":"Fatoyinbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.01.021","article-title":"Integrating UAV optical imagery and LiDAR data for assessing the spatial relationship between mangrove and inundation across a subtropical estuarine wetland","volume":"149","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.07.008","article-title":"Reconstruction of time-varying tidal flat topography using optical remote sensing imageries","volume":"131","author":"Tseng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Li, H., Li, L., Man, W., Jia, M., Wang, Z., and Lu, C. (2017). Monitoring the Invasion of Spartina alterniflora Using Multi-source High-resolution Imagery in the Zhangjiang Estuary, China. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060539"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Lin, P. (2001). The Comprehensive Report of Science Investigation on the Natural Reserve of Mangrove Wetland of Zhangjiang Estuary in Fujian, Xiamen University Press."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.09.009","article-title":"Digital repeat photography for phenological research in forest ecosystems","volume":"152","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klosterman, S., and Richardson, A.D. (2017). Observing Spring and Fall Phenology in a Deciduous Forest with Aerial Drone Imagery. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122852"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2030833","article-title":"Ground Filtering Algorithms for Airborne LiDAR Data: A Review of Critical Issues","volume":"2","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.018","article-title":"Accuracy assessment and correction of a LIDAR-derived salt marsh digital elevation model","volume":"121","author":"Hladik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1890\/11-1302.1","article-title":"Interactions between mangroves and exotic Spartina in an anthropogenically disturbed estuary in southern China","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1890\/13-2283.1","article-title":"Recruitment and herbivory affect spread of invasive Spartina alterniflora in China","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(96)00017-1","article-title":"Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. invasions in Pacific estuaries, USA","volume":"78","author":"Daehler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR018318","article-title":"A global analysis of the seaward salt marsh extent: The importance of tidal range","volume":"52","author":"Balke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a087202","article-title":"Survivorship and Spatial Development of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Gramineae) Seedlings in a New England Salt Marsh","volume":"58","author":"Metcalfe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2307\/1352832","article-title":"Expansion rates and recruitment frequency of exotic smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel), colonizing unvegetated littoral flats in Willapa Bay, Washington","volume":"23","author":"Feist","year":"2000","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.012","article-title":"Use of lidar to study changes associated with Spartina invasion in San Francisco Bay marshes","volume":"100","author":"Rosso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09176","article-title":"Ecosystem response to elevated CO2 levels limited by nitrogen-induced plant species shift","volume":"466","author":"Langley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12147","article-title":"Tidal marsh plant responses to elevated CO2, nitrogen fertilization, and sea level rise","volume":"19","author":"Adam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.07.025","article-title":"Maintenance of estuarine water quality by mangroves occurs during flood periods: A case study of a subtropical mangrove wetland","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.02.009","article-title":"Mariculture pond influence on mangrove areas in south China: Significantly larger nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from sediment wash-out than from tidal water exchange","volume":"426","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2307\/1928991","article-title":"Some Concepts of Bioecology","volume":"12","author":"Shelford","year":"1931","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2007.12.014","article-title":"Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: A review","volume":"89","author":"Krauss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-012-2076-5","article-title":"Marsh macrophyte responses to inundation anticipate impacts of sea-level rise and indicate ongoing drowning of North Carolina marshes","volume":"160","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.93.12.1784","article-title":"Salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) and the invasive M haplotype of Phragmites australis (Poaceae) along a salinity gradient","volume":"93","author":"Vasquez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.05.022","article-title":"Quantifying moderate resolution remote sensing phenology of Louisiana coastal marshes","volume":"312","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.01.009","article-title":"Object-based crop identification using multiple vegetation indices, textural features and crop phenology","volume":"115","author":"Ngugi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, J., Leng, W., Liu, K., Liu, L., He, Z., and Zhu, Y. (2018). Object-Based Mangrove Species Classification Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Hyperspectral Images and Digital Surface Models. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010089"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/17550874.2011.563759","article-title":"The comparison of several colour indices for the photographic recording of canopy phenology of Fagus crenata Blume in eastern Japan","volume":"4","author":"Mizunuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Ecol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.036","article-title":"Fusion of lidar and multispectral data to quantify salt marsh carbon stocks","volume":"154","author":"Kulawardhana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.03.025","article-title":"Using hyperspectral vegetation indices as a proxy to monitor soil salinity","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/10\/1208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:06Z","timestamp":1760187246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/10\/1208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11101208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11101208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]}}}