{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:26:07Z","timestamp":1777901167357,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000830","name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G5014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G5014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Franklin &amp; Marshall College","award":["R_3h5ccRxvjke3jWk"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R_3h5ccRxvjke3jWk"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To design holographic and impulse ground penetrating radar (GPR) sensors suitable for humanitarian de-mining in the Donbass (Ukraine) conflict zone, we measured critical electromagnetic parameters of typical local soils using simple methods that could be adapted to any geologic setting. Measurements were recorded along six profiles, each crossing at least two mapped soil types. The parameters selected to evaluate GPR and metal detector sensor performance were magnetic permeability, electrical conductivity, and dielectric permittivity. Magnetic permeability measurements indicated that local soils would be conducive to metal detector performance. Electrical conductivity measurements indicated that local soils would be medium to high loss materials for GPR. Calculation of the expected attenuation as a function of signal frequency suggested that 1 GHz may have optimized the trade-off between resolution and penetration and matched the impulse GPR system power budget. Dielectric permittivity was measured using both time domain reflectometry and impulse GPR. For the latter, a calibration procedure based on an in-situ measurement of reflection coefficient was proposed and the data were analyzed to show that soil conditions were suitable for the reliable use of impulse GPR. A distinct difference between the results of these two suggested a dry (low dielectric) soil surface, grading downward into more moist (higher dielectric) soils. This gradation may provide a matching layer to reduce ground surface reflections that often obscure shallow subsurface targets. In addition, the relatively high dielectric deeper (10 cm\u201320 cm) subsurface soils should provide a strong contrast with plastic-cased mines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T11:20:46Z","timestamp":1558696846000},"page":"1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characterization of Electromagnetic Properties of In Situ Soils for the Design of Landmine Detection Sensors: Application in Donbass, Ukraine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Bechtel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Franklin &amp; Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Truskavetsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Center, Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gennadiy","family":"Pochanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61085 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4432-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Capineri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sherstyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Center, Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Viatkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Center, Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Byndych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Center, Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vadym","family":"Ruban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61085 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liudmyla","family":"Varyanitza-Roschupkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61085 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleksander","family":"Orlenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61085 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavlo","family":"Kholod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61085 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Falorni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4180-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bulletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fronefield","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Franklin &amp; Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNODA (2016). 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Electron."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/10\/1232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:43Z","timestamp":1760187283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/10\/1232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11101232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11101232","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]}}}