{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:42:40Z","timestamp":1770914560415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003565","name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18RDP-B076564-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18RDP-B076564-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to monitor the deformation of bridges, namely in the form of long-term deflection and thermal dilation, using multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations. To precisely estimate the vertical and longitudinal displacements, we used the InSAR time-series technique with multi-track stacks of Sentinel-1 SAR dataset and a single-track stack of COSMO-SkyMed SAR data over two extradosed bridge cases; Kimdaejung and Muyoung bridges between 2013 and 2017. The vertical and longitudinal displacements are estimated using multi-track Sentinel-1 SAR data and orientation angle of bridges, and we converted the displacements into thermal dilation and long-term vertical deflection. From COSMO-SkyMed data, we calculated the horizontal thermal dilation and long-term vertical deflection assuming that they dominantly contribute to the horizontal and vertical displacements, respectively. This assumption appeared reasonable based on the comparison with calculations from Sentinel-1 data. The deflection patterns exhibit downward movements at the mid-spans between towers. The results reveal that both bridges have been suffering long-term deflection over the observation period. Thus, this study verifies the potential to monitor the long-term deflection and implies that the bridges need to be monitored periodically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Long-Term Deflection Monitoring for Bridges Using X and C-Band Time-Series SAR Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6037-8839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungkyo","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}]},{"given":"Duk-jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh Krishnan","family":"Palanisamy Vadivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Ho","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tak\u00e1cs, P.F. 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