{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:35:25Z","timestamp":1774636525937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (IPN)","award":["SIP 20151694, SIP 20160636, SIP 20180678 and SIP 20195013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20151694, SIP 20160636, SIP 20180678 and SIP 20195013"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT)","award":["Becas Nacionales"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Becas Nacionales"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Groundwater depletion is an important problem driven by population growth, land use and land cover (LULC) change, climate change, and other factors. Groundwater depletion generates water stress and encourages unstainable resource use. The aim of this study is to determine how population growth, LULC change, and climate change relate to groundwater depletion in the Alto Atoyac sub-basin, Oaxaca, Mexico. Twenty-five years of dry season water table data from 1984 to 2009 are analyzed to examine annual groundwater depletion. Kriging is used to interpolate the region\u2019s groundwater levels in a geographic information system (GIS) from mapped point measurements. An analysis of remotely sensed data revealed patterns of LULC change during a 34-year (1986\u20132018) period, using a supervised, machine-learning classification algorithm to calculate the changes in LULC. This analysis is shown to have an 85% accuracy. A global circulation model (GFDL-CM3) and the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were used to estimate the effects of climate change on the region\u2019s groundwater. Estimates of evapotranspiration (using HELP3.5 code) and runoff (USDA-SCS-CN), were calculated. Since 1984, the region\u2019s mean annual temperature has increased 1.79 \u00b0C and urban areas have increased at a rate of 2.3 km2\/year. Population growth has increased water consumption by 97.93 \u00d7 106 m3\/year. The volume of groundwater is shrinking at a rate of 284.34 \u00d7 106 m3\/year, reflecting the extreme pressure on groundwater supply in the region. This research reveals the nature of the direct impacts that climate change, changing LULCs, and population growth have in the process of groundwater depletion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1559214464000},"page":"1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Climate Change, Land Use\/Land Cover Change, and Population Growth as Drivers of Groundwater Depletion in the Central Valleys, Oaxaca, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Edwin Antonio","family":"Ojeda Olivares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Oaxaca. Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Municipio de Santa Cruz Xoxocotl\u00e1n C.P. 71230 Oaxaca, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Sadoth","family":"Sandoval Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Oaxaca. Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Municipio de Santa Cruz Xoxocotl\u00e1n C.P. 71230 Oaxaca, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Salvador Isidro","family":"Belmonte Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Oaxaca. Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Municipio de Santa Cruz Xoxocotl\u00e1n C.P. 71230 Oaxaca, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Oscar","family":"Campos Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Instituto de Geof\u00edsica, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegaci\u00f3n Coyoac\u00e1n, C.P. 04150 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zignol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}]},{"given":"Yunuen","family":"Reygadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9342-6550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Tiefenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(99)00017-5","article-title":"Climate change and global water resources","volume":"9","author":"Arnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glob. 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