{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:18:06Z","timestamp":1773055086928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC0406704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0406704"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC0407101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0407101"]}]},{"name":"the Yalong River Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1765205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1765205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In rockfall hazard management, the investigation and detection of potential rockfall source areas on rock cliffs by remote-sensing-based susceptibility analysis are of primary importance. However, when the rockfall analysis results are used as feedback to the fieldwork, the irregular slope surface morphology makes it difficult to objectively locate the risk zones of hazard maps on the real slopes, and the problem of straightforward on-site visualization of rockfall susceptibility remains a research gap. This paper presents some of the pioneering studies on the augmented reality (AR) mapping of geospatial information from cyberspace within 2D screens to the physical world for on-site visualization, which directly recognizes the rock mass and superimposes corresponding rock discontinuities and rockfall susceptibility onto the real slopes. A novel method of edge-based tracking of the rock mass target for mobile AR is proposed, where the model edges extracted from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) structure-from-motion (SfM) 3D reconstructions are aligned with the corresponding actual rock mass to estimate the camera pose accurately. Specifically, the visually prominent edges of dominant structural planes were first explored and discovered to be a robust visual feature of rock mass for AR tracking. The novel approaches of visual-geometric synthetic image (VGSI) and prominent structural plane (Pro-SP) were developed to extract structural planes with identified prominent edges as 3D template models which could provide a pose estimation reference. An experiment verified that the proposed Pro-SP template model could effectively improve the edge tracking performance and quality, and this approach was relatively robust to the changes of sunlight conditions. A case study was carried out on a typical roadcut cliff in the Mentougou District of Beijing, China. The results validate the scalability of the proposed mobile AR strategy, which is applicable and suitable for cliff-scale fieldwork. The results also demonstrate the feasibility, efficiency, and significance of the geoinformation AR mapping methodology for on-site zoning and locating of potential rockfalls, and providing relevant guidance for subsequent detailed site investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T02:08:40Z","timestamp":1559527720000},"page":"1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Augmented Reality Mapping of Rock Mass Discontinuities and Rockfall Susceptibility Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yichi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yalong River Hydropower Dev Co Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China"}]},{"given":"Guike","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yalong River Hydropower Dev Co Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}]},{"given":"Denghua","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmer, A. (2018). Geographies and scientometrics of research on natural hazards. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8100382"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0911-y","article-title":"Assessing rockfall susceptibility in steep and overhanging slopes using three-dimensional analysis of failure mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Matasci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.037","article-title":"Impacts of fracturing patterns on the rockfall susceptibility and erosion rate of stratified limestone","volume":"241","author":"Matasci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Zhao, C., and Lu, Z. (2018). Remote sensing of landslidesa review. Remote Sens., 10."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7583-3","article-title":"Developing an algorithm for automated geometric analysis and classification of landslides incorporating lidar-derived dem","volume":"77","author":"Pirasteh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2016.1238850","article-title":"Landslides investigations from geoinformatics perspective: Quality, challenges, and recommendations","volume":"8","author":"Pirasteh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-3116-8","article-title":"Improvements in the integration of remote sensing and rock slope modelling","volume":"90","author":"Francioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9634-2","article-title":"Use of lidar in landslide investigations: A review","volume":"61","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12103","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912103","article-title":"To fill or not to fill: Sensitivity analysis of the influence of resolution and hole filling on point cloud surface modeling and individual rockfall event detection","volume":"7","author":"Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Xiao, J., and Wang, Y. (2019). Major orientation estimation-based rock surface extraction for 3d rock-mass point clouds. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060635"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.03.014","article-title":"A new approach for semi-automatic rock mass joints recognition from 3d point clouds","volume":"68","author":"Riquelme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.06.015","article-title":"Automatic extraction of discontinuity orientation from rock mass surface 3d point cloud","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzanti, P., Schiliro, L., Martino, S., Antonielli, B., Brizi, E., Brunetti, A., Margottini, C., and Mugnozza, G.S. (2018). The contribution of terrestrial laser scanning to the analysis of cliff slope stability in sugano (central italy). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091475"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayab, M., Aerden, D., Paananen, M., and Saarela, P. (2018). Virtual structural analysis of jokisivu open pit using \u2019structure-from-motion\u2019 unmanned aerial vehicles (uav) photogrammetry: Implications for structurally-controlled gold deposits in southwest finland. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081296"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-18-1079-2018","article-title":"Review article: The use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (rpass) for natural hazards monitoring and management","volume":"18","author":"Giordan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-motion\u2019 photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"101","article-title":"Use of low-cost terrestrial and aerial imaging sensors for geotechnical applications","volume":"53","author":"Thoeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. Geomech. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-4-359-2016","article-title":"Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry\u2014Merits, limits and developments","volume":"4","author":"Eltner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surface Dyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2014.02.008","article-title":"A 3d discrete element modelling approach for rockfall analysis with drapery systems","volume":"68","author":"Thoeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarro, R., Riquelme, A., Carlos Garcia-Davalillo, J., Maria Mateos, R., Tomas, R., Luis Pastor, J., Cano, M., and Herrera, G. (2018). Rockfall simulation based on uav photogrammetry data obtained during an emergency declaration: Application at a cultural heritage site. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121923"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2017.04.004","article-title":"Lidar, uav or compass-clinometer? Accuracy, coverage and the effects on structural models","volume":"98","author":"Cawood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2014.10.007","article-title":"Ground-based and uav-based photogrammetry: A multi-scale, high-resolution mapping tool for structural geology and paleoseismology","volume":"69","author":"Bemis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2018.09.004","article-title":"Fieldwork in geosciences assisted by argeo: A mobile augmented reality system","volume":"121","author":"Gazcon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh, J., Lee, S., and Choi, Y. (2017). UmineAR: Mobile-tablet-based abandoned mine hazard site investigation support system using augmented reality. Minerals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/min7100198"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, H., Golparvar-Fard, M., and White, J. (2015). Image-based localization and content authoring in structure-from-motion point cloud models for real-time field reporting applications. J. Comput. Civil Eng., 29.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000392"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cejka, J., Bruno, F., Skarlatos, D., and Liarokapis, F. (2019). Detecting square markers in underwater environments. Remote Sens., 11."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Feng, Z., Mannan, A., Khan, T.U., Shen, C., and Saeed, S. (2018). Estimating tree position, diameter at breast height, and tree height in real-time using a mobile phone with rgb-d slam. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111845"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, G.-l., Ji, B., and Zhou, Y.-f. (2009, January 17\u201319). A review of 3d pose estimation from a monocular image sequence. Proceedings of the 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2009.5304720"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/0600000001","article-title":"Monocular model-based 3d tracking of rigid objects: A survey","volume":"1","author":"Fua","year":"2005","journal-title":"Found. Trends Comput. Graph. Vis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2513408","article-title":"Pose estimation for augmented reality: A hands-on survey","volume":"22","author":"Marchand","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-016-0640-9","article-title":"Binocular mobile augmented reality based on stereo camera tracking","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Real-Time Image Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30473","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2839761","article-title":"Adaptive contour feature and color feature fusion for monocular textureless 3d object tracking","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-016-1281-5","article-title":"Line-based initialization method for mobile augmented reality in aircraft assembly","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-018-0359-6","article-title":"Fast pose estimation for texture-less objects based on b-rep model","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurasip J. Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-017-1022-x","article-title":"Automatic registration of images to untextured geometry using average shading gradients","volume":"125","author":"Ploetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-018-0951-x","article-title":"Localization of 3d objects using model-constrained slam","volume":"29","author":"Loesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, J., Chen, X., Chu, T., Liu, M., and Yang, T. (2018). Feature surface extraction and reconstruction from industrial components using multistep segmentation and optimization. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071073"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, H., Lin, X., Ning, X., and Zhang, J. (2016). Edge detection and feature line tracing in 3d-point clouds by analyzing geometric properties of neighborhoods. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090710"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malihi, S., Zoej, M.J.V., and Hahn, M. (2018). Large-scale accurate reconstruction of buildings employing point clouds generated from uav imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071148"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C. (July, January 29). Towards linear-time incremental structure from motion. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on 3d Vision (3dv 2013), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2013.25"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Agarwal, S., Curless, B., and Seitz, S.M. (2011, January 20\u201325). Multicore bundle adjustment. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995552"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.161","article-title":"Accurate, dense, and robust multiview stereopsis","volume":"32","author":"Furukawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furukawa, Y., Curless, B., Seitz, S.M., and Szeliski, R. (2010, January 13\u201318). Towards internet-scale multi-view stereo. Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539802"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). Meshlab. Available online: http:\/\/www.meshlab.net\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Cignoni, P., Corsini, M., Dellepiane, M., Ganovelli, F., and Ranzuglia, G. (2008, January 2\u20134). Meshlab: An open-source mesh processing tool. Proceedings of the Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, Salerno, Italy."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/2487228.2487237","article-title":"Screened poisson surface reconstruction","volume":"32","author":"Kazhdan","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.34","article-title":"Efficient and flexible sampling with blue noise properties of triangular meshes","volume":"18","author":"Corsini","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.04.012","article-title":"Semi-automatic mapping of geological structures using uav-based photogrammetric data: An image analysis approach","volume":"69","author":"Vasuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morikubo, Y., and Hashimoto, N. (2018, January 7\u20139). Edge-based object tracking for dynamic projection mapping. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology (IWAIT), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWAIT.2018.8369709"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2015.05.021","article-title":"Cad-based 3d objects recognition in monocular images for mobile augmented reality","volume":"50","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Graph.-UK"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, T., Ming, D., Lin, X., Hong, Z., Bai, X., and Fang, J. (2018). Detecting building edges from high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery using richer convolution features network. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091496"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). Vuforia.Developer Portal. Available online: https:\/\/developer.vuforia.com\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). Unity. Available online: https:\/\/unity3d.com\/unity\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). Arkit. Available online: https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/arkit\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). Arcore. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/ar\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Li, X., and Li, J. (2018). Object-based features for house detection from rgb high-resolution images. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030451"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A computational approach to edge detection","volume":"8","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., and Jiang, J. (2016). Automatic registration method for optical remote sensing images with large background variations using line segments. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050426"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-018-1879-3","article-title":"A geometry-based point cloud reduction method for mobile augmented reality system","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). Vislab. Available online: https:\/\/visionlib.com\/products\/vislab\/."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wuest, H., Engekle, T., Wientapper, F., Schmitt, F., and Keil, J. (2016, January 19\u201323). From CAD to 3D Tracking - Enhancing & Scaling Model-based Tracking for Industrial Appliances. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR-Adjunct), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2016.0114"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49409-8_48","article-title":"A Direct Method for Robust Model-Based 3D Object Tracking from a Monocular RGB Image","volume":"Volume 9915","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer Vision\u2014ECCV 2016 Workshops"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, B.-K., and Wuest, H. (2016, January 19\u201323). Robust 3D Object Tracking Using an Elaborate Motion Model. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR-Adjunct), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2016.0042"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, G., Su, S., Leng, C., Wu, Y., and Lu, F. (2018). A robust transform estimator based on residual analysis and its application on uav aerial images. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020291"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2660063","article-title":"Model-based global localization for aerial robots using edge alignment","volume":"2","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-017-9642-0","article-title":"Edge alignment-based visual-inertial fusion for tracking of aggressive motions","volume":"42","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auton. Robots"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.009","article-title":"Monitoring activity at the daguangbao mega-landslide (china) using sentinel-1 tops time series interferometry","volume":"186","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12343","article-title":"3D parametric modeling of complex geological structures for geotechnical engineering of dam foundation based on t-splines","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civil Infrastruct. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/11\/1311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:55:22Z","timestamp":1760187322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/11\/1311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11111311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11111311","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}}}