{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:13:15Z","timestamp":1763705595970,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the national key research and development plan of China","award":["No. 2018YFC1503604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018YFC1503604"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 41431069, No. 41721003, No. 41774011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41431069, No. 41721003, No. 41774011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DAAD Thematic Network Project","award":["No. 57173947\/57421148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 57173947\/57421148"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 28 September 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake occurred at a triple junction zone where the Philippine Sea, Australian, and Sunda plates are convergent. Here, we utilized Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) interferometry synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data together with broadband regional seismograms to investigate the source geometry and rupture kinematics of this earthquake. Results showed that the 2018 Palu earthquake ruptured a fault plane with a relatively steep dip angle of ~85\u00b0. The preferred rupture model demonstrated that the earthquake was a supershear event from early on, with an average rupture speed of 4.1 km\/s, which is different from the common supershear events that typically show an initial subshear rupture. The rupture expanded rapidly (~4.1 km\/s) from the hypocenter and propagated bilaterally towards the north and south along the strike direction during the first 8 s, and then to the south. Four visible asperities were ruptured during the slip pulse propagation, which resulted in four significant deformation lobes in the coseismic interferogram. The maximum slip of 6.5 m was observed to the south of the city of Palu, and the total seismic moment released within 40 s was 2.64 \u00d7 1020 N\u00b7m, which was equivalent to Mw 7.55. Our results shed some light on the transtensional tectonism in Sulawesi, given that the 2018 Palu earthquake was dominated by left-lateral strike slip (slip maxima is 6.2 m) and that some significant normal faulting components (slip maxima is ~3 m) were resolved as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T11:31:01Z","timestamp":1559561461000},"page":"1330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu Earthquake: A Supershear Rupture Event Constrained by InSAR and Broadband Regional Seismograms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caijun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangmao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yingwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B08409","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB003963","article-title":"Microblock rotations and fault coupling in SE Asia triple junction (Sulawesi, Indonesia) from GPS and earthquake slip vector data","volume":"111","author":"Socquet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0297-z","article-title":"Early and persistent supershear rupture of the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3121.2001.00382.x","article-title":"High slip rate for a low seismicity along the Palu-Koro active fault in central Sulawesi (Indonesia)","volume":"13","author":"Bellier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Terra Nova"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1785\/0220180211","article-title":"The 2017 Mw 6.6 Poso Earthquake: Implications for Extrusion Tectonics in Central Sulawesi","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1144\/SP441.6","article-title":"A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Sulawesi, Indonesia","volume":"441","author":"Cipta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1144\/SP441.8","article-title":"Fault systems of the eastern Indonesian triple junction: Evaluation of Quaternary activity and implications for seismic hazards","volume":"441","author":"Watkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0296-0","article-title":"Evidence of supershear during the 2018 magnitude 7.5 Palu earthquake from space geodesy","volume":"12","author":"Socquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, May 31). EarthArXiv. Available online: https:\/\/eartharxiv.org\/3bwqa\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082045","article-title":"Geodetic observations of the 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi earthquake and its implications for the kinematics of the Palu fault","volume":"46","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Werner, C., Wegm\u00fcller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A. (2001, January 16\u201320). GAMMA SAR and interferometric processing software. Proceedings of the ERS ENVISAT Symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2004","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission","volume":"45","author":"Farr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1029\/RS023i004p00713","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping","volume":"23","author":"Goldstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2002.01661.x","article-title":"Co-seismic slip from the 1995 July 30 Mw = 8.1 Antofagasta, Chile, earthquake as constrained by InSAR and GPS observations","volume":"150","author":"Pritchard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Wang, S., Xu, C., Wen, Y., Yin, Z., Jiang, G., and Fang, L. (2017). Slip model for the 25 November 2016 Mw 6.6 Aketao earthquake, western China, revealed by Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 observations. Remote Sens., 9."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"153","article-title":"The 2014 Mw 6.1 Ludian, Yunnan, earthquake: A complex conjugated ruptured earthquake","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Heimann, S. (2011). A Robust Method to Estimate Kinematic Earthquake Source Parameters. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hamburg]."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"4021","article-title":"Fast inversion of rupture process based on strong motion data and the feasibility of its automation","volume":"61","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2461","article-title":"Seismicity and tectonics of the South Shetland Islands and Bransfield Strait from a regional broadband seismograph deployment","volume":"108","author":"Maurice","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1189","article-title":"A novel hybrid PSO\/simplex algorithm for determining earthquake source parameters using InSAR observations","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt254","article-title":"The 2011 MW 6.8 Burma earthquake: Fault constraints provided by multiple SAR techniques","volume":"195","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Eberhart, R., and Kennedy, J. (1995, January 4\u20136). A new optimizer using particle swarm theory. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/7.4.308","article-title":"A simplex method for function minimization","volume":"7","author":"Nelder","year":"1965","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B10302","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008358","article-title":"The 2010 MW 6.8 Yushu (Qinghai, China) earthquake: Constraints provided by InSAR and body wave seismology","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02655.x","article-title":"The 1994 Sefidabeh (eastern Iran) earthquakes revisited: New evidence from satellite radar interferometry and carbonate dating about the growth of an active fold above a blind thrust fault","volume":"164","author":"Parsons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011832","article-title":"Kinematic earthquake source inversion and tsunami runup prediction with regional geophysical data","volume":"120","author":"Melgar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0860030547","article-title":"Source process of the 1995 Kobe earthquake: Determination of spatio-temporal slip distribution by Bayesian modeling","volume":"86","author":"Ide","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2002.01610.x","article-title":"A note on the dynamic and static displacements from a point source in multilayered media","volume":"148","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB011921","article-title":"Seismogeodesy of the 2014 Mw 6.1 Napa earthquake, California: Rapid response and modeling of fast rupture on a dipping strike-slip fault","volume":"120","author":"Melgar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL067369","article-title":"Slip segmentation and slow rupture to the trench during the 2015, Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile earthquake","volume":"43","author":"Melgar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013452","article-title":"Source characteristics of the 2015 Mw6.5 Lefkada, Greece, strike-slip earthquake","volume":"122","author":"Melgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.06.026","article-title":"The first since 1960: A large event in the Valdivia segment of the Chilean Subduction Zone, the 2016 M7. 6 Melinka earthquake","volume":"474","author":"Melgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy089","article-title":"Towards the application of seismogeodesy in central Italy: A case study for the 2016 August 24 Mw 6.1 Italy earthquake modelling","volume":"213","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.09.015","article-title":"The 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zah\u0101b Earthquake, Iran: A compact blind shallow-dipping thrust event in the mountain front fault basement","volume":"747","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000713","article-title":"Source process of the Chi-Chi earthquake: A joint inversion of strong motion data and global positioning system data with a multifault model","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016293","article-title":"Waveform inversion for seismic source processes using ABIC with two sorts of prior constraints: Comparison between proper and improper formulations","volume":"30","author":"Fukahata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B12408","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003500","article-title":"Coseismic deformation of the 2001 Mw=7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet, measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"110","author":"Lasserre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142143","article-title":"The need to study speed","volume":"317","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"L05311","article-title":"Observation of far-field Mach waves generated by the 2001 Kokoxili supershear earthquake","volume":"39","author":"Dunham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1785\/0120070080","article-title":"Stability and uncertainty of finite-fault slip inversions: Application to the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake","volume":"97","author":"Hartzell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1785\/0120110034","article-title":"The 2010 Qinghai, China, earthquake: A moderate earthquake with supershear rupture","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.01.018","article-title":"Fault geometry of 2015, Mw7. 2 Murghab, Tajikistan earthquake controls rupture propagation: Insights from InSAR and seismological data","volume":"462","author":"Sangha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013112","article-title":"How fast is rupture during an earthquake? New insights from the 1999 Turkey earthquakes","volume":"28","author":"Bouchon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086832","article-title":"Observation of long supershear rupture during the magnitude 8.1 Kunlunshan earthquake","volume":"301","author":"Bouchon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S256","DOI":"10.1785\/0120040616","article-title":"Evidence for a supershear transient during the 2002 Denali fault earthquake","volume":"94","author":"Dunham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21307","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053622","article-title":"Supershear rupture on multiple faults for the Mw 8.6 Off Northern Sumatra, Indonesia earthquake of April 11, 2012","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010594","article-title":"Supershear rupture of the 5 January 2013 Craig, Alaska (Mw 7.5) earthquake","volume":"118","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062513","article-title":"Imaging supershear rupture for the 2014 Mw 6.9 Northern Aegean earthquake by backprojection of strong motion waveforms","volume":"42","author":"Evangelidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2010.06.011","article-title":"Faulting characteristics of supershear earthquakes","volume":"493","author":"Bouchon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ETG-2","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB000102","article-title":"Deformation due to the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey, earthquake measured from SPOT images","volume":"107","author":"Michel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6712","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074158","article-title":"Seismic characteristics of supershear and sub-Rayleigh earthquakes: Implication from simple cases","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155030","article-title":"The aftershock signature of supershear earthquakes","volume":"320","author":"Bouchon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Dunham, E.M. (2005). The Dynamics and Near-Source Ground Motion of Supershear Earthquakes. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of California]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Supershear Earthquake Ruptures\u2013Theory, Methods, Laboratory Experiments and Fault Superhighways: An Update","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Ansal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspectives on European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"183","article-title":"Dynamic shear rupture in frictional interfaces: Speeds, directionality, and modes","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Elias","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2007.06.005","article-title":"Transition of mode II cracks from sub-Rayleigh to intersonic speeds in the presence of favorable heterogeneity","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2015.10.046","article-title":"The potential for supershear earthquakes in damaged fault zones\u2014Theory and observations","volume":"433","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"L05610","article-title":"Rupture model of the 1999 D\u00fczce, Turkey, earthquake deduced from high and low frequency strong motion data","volume":"31","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B02304","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JB005738","article-title":"Illuminating the near-sonic rupture velocities of the intracontinental Kokoxili Mw 7.8 and Denali fault Mw 7.9 strike-slip earthquakes with global P wave back projection imaging","volume":"114","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1126\/science.228.4702.984","article-title":"Role of fault bends in the initiation and termination of earthquake rupture","volume":"228","author":"King","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2005.10.036","article-title":"Fission track and fault kinematics analyses for new insight into the Late Cenozoic tectonic regime changes in West-Central Sulawesi (Indonesia)","volume":"413","author":"Bellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"050003","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4987081","article-title":"Focal mechanism of the August 18th 2012 Mw6. 3 Palu-Koro earthquake and its implication of seismic hazard","volume":"Volume 1857","author":"Khairina","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1029\/93GL00128","article-title":"Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia","volume":"20","author":"Avouac","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL01799","article-title":"Monitoring of the Palu-Koro Fault (Sulawesi) by GPS","volume":"25","author":"Walpersdorf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EO450001","article-title":"Generic Mapping Tools: Improved Version Released","volume":"94","author":"Wessel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/11\/1330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:55:46Z","timestamp":1760187346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/11\/1330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11111330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11111330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]}}}