{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T07:00:25Z","timestamp":1763535625475,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuously accumulating information on vessels and their activities in coastal areas of interest is important for maintaining sustainable fisheries resources and coastal ecosystems. The speed, heading, sizes, and activities of vessels in certain seasons and at certain times of day are useful information for sustainable coastal management. This paper presents a two-dimensional vessel velocity estimation method using the KOMPSAT-5 (K5) X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system and Doppler parameter estimation. The estimation accuracy was evaluated by two field campaigns in 2017 and 2018. The minimum size of the vessel and signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) for optimum estimation were determined to be 20 m and 7.7 dB, respectively. The squared correlation coefficient R2 for vessel speed and heading angle were 0.89 and 0.97, respectively, and the root-mean-square errors of the speed and heading were 1.09 m\/s (2.1 knots) and 17.9\u00b0, respectively, based on 19 vessels that satisfied the criteria of minimum size of vessel and SCR. Because the K5 SAR is capable of observing a selected coastal region every day by utilizing various modes, it is feasible to accumulate a large quantity of vessel data for coastal sea for eventual use in building a coastal traffic model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T11:54:31Z","timestamp":1561118071000},"page":"1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Two-Dimensional Ship Velocity Estimation Based on KOMPSAT-5 Synthetic Aperture Radar Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Minyoung","family":"Back","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2598-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Wan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9255-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong-Sun","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2071879","article-title":"Ship Surveillance with TerraSAR-X","volume":"49","author":"Brusch","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2533023","article-title":"Use of Doppler Parameters for Ship Velocity Computation in SAR Images","volume":"54","author":"Renga","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2751083","article-title":"SAR-Based Vessel Velocity Estimation from Partially Imaged Kelvin Pattern","volume":"14","author":"Panico","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziano, M.D., D\u2019Errico, M., and Rufino, G. (2016). Wake Component Detection in X-Band SAR Images for Ship Heading and Velocity Estimation. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060498"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2846399","article-title":"Moving Ship Velocity Estimation Using TanDEM-X Data Based on Subaperture Decomposition","volume":"15","author":"Ao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1971.310292","article-title":"Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radar and Moving Targets","volume":"7","author":"Raney","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20030076","article-title":"Detection and imaging of arbitrarily moving targets with single-channel SAR","volume":"150","author":"Kirscht","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Won, J.S. (2018). Doppler Frequency Estimation of Point Targets in the Single-Channel SAR Image by Linear Least Squares. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071160"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1985.1143684","article-title":"On the multilook images of moving targets by synthetic aperture radars","volume":"33","author":"Ouchi","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.46","article-title":"Point Set Registration: Coherent Point Drift","volume":"32","author":"Myronenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.W., Kim, J.H., and Won, J.S. (2017). Fast and Efficient Correction of Ground Moving Targets in a Synthetic Aperture Radar, Single-Look Complex Image. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090926"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/7.18675","article-title":"Estimating the Doppler Centroid of Sar Data","volume":"25","author":"Madsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2162631","article-title":"An Efficient Method of Doppler Parameter Estimation in the Time-Frequency Domain for a Moving Object from TerraSAR-X Data","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1985.289499","article-title":"Doppler Parameter-Estimation for Spaceborne Synthetic-Aperture Radars","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1109\/36.79429","article-title":"Doppler Frequency Estimation and the Cramer-Rao Bound","volume":"29","author":"Bamler","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1109\/36.499749","article-title":"A combined SAR Doppler centroid estimation scheme based upon signal phase","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.877615","article-title":"Improved Doppler parameter estimation of squint SAR based on slope detection","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2005.1413748","article-title":"Velocity estimation of fast moving targets using a single SAR sensor","volume":"41","author":"Marques","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1980.308873","article-title":"Target-Motion-Induced Radar Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-f-2.1992.0010","article-title":"Detection and Imaging of Moving-Objects with Synthetic Aperture Radar. Part 1: Optimal Detection and Parameter-Estimation Theory","volume":"139","author":"Barbarossa","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEE Proc. F Radar Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-f-2.1992.0011","article-title":"Detection and Imaging of Moving-Objects with Synthetic Aperture Radar. Prat 2: Joint Time Frequency-Analysis by Wigner-Ville Distribution","volume":"139","author":"Barbarossa","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEE Proc. F Radar Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Tunaley, J.K.E. (2003, January 21\u201325). The estimation of ship velocity from SAR imagery. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2003, Toulous, France."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziano, M.D., Grasso, M., and D\u2019Errico, M. (2017). Performance Analysis of Ship Wake Detection on Sentinel-1 SAR Images. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111107"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Meyer, F., Hinz, S., Laika, A., Suchandt, S., and Bamler, R. (2006, January 20\u201322). Performance analysis of space-borne SAR vehicle detection and velocity estimation. Proceedings of the ISPRS Commission VII Symposium, Born, Germany."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1986.310805","article-title":"Fast Maximum-Likelihood Joint Estimation of Frequency and Frequency Rate","volume":"22","author":"Abatzoglou","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/7.85033","article-title":"Linear Fm Signal Parameter-Estimation from Discrete-Time Observations","volume":"27","author":"Peleg","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2002.803003","article-title":"A new technique for instantaneous frequency rate estimation","volume":"9","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Proc. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2003.821097","article-title":"A fast algorithm for estimating the parameters of a quadratic FM signal","volume":"52","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2010.5545168","article-title":"On Refining Polynomial Phase Signal Parameter Estimates","volume":"46","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/7.272259","article-title":"Space-Time-Frequency Processing of Synthetic-Aperture Radar Signals","volume":"30","author":"Barbarossa","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2007.896318","article-title":"Motion analysis in SAR images of unfocused objects using time-frequency methods","volume":"4","author":"Kersten","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2048571","article-title":"Estimating Surface Water Speeds with a Single-Phase Center SAR Versus an Along-Track Interferometric SAR","volume":"48","author":"Kersten","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1109\/78.330368","article-title":"The Fractional Fourier-Transform and Time-Frequency Representations","volume":"42","author":"Almeida","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2011.0354","article-title":"Range Doppler and chirp scaling processing of synthetic aperture radar data using the fractional Fourier transform","volume":"6","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2003.811223","article-title":"Beamforming using the fractional Fourier transform","volume":"51","author":"Yetik","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3293","article-title":"Application of fractional Fourier transform to moving target indication via along-track interferometry","volume":"2005","author":"Chiu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2010.0046","article-title":"Enhanced monopulse tracking radar using optimum fractional Fourier transform","volume":"5","author":"Elgamel","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1109\/7.805442","article-title":"Autofocusing of ISAR images based on entropy minimization","volume":"35","author":"Xi","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2261975","article-title":"SAR Image Autofocus Utilizing Minimum-Entropy Criterion","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kragh, T.J. (2006, January 6\u20137). Monotonic iterative algorithm for minimum-entropy autofocus. Proceedings of the 14th Adaptive Sensor Array Processing (ASAP) Workshop, Lexington, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948916","article-title":"Doppler Properties of Radars in Circular Orbits","volume":"7","author":"Raney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.859343","article-title":"The influence of target acceleration on velocity estimation in dual-channel SAR-GMTI","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045116","article-title":"Compensating the effects of target acceleration in dual-channel SAR-GMTI","volume":"153","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:19970965","article-title":"Target angular motion effects on ISAR imaging","volume":"144","author":"Berizzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2005.857283","article-title":"Generalized ISAR\u2014Part I: An optimal method for imaging large naval vessels","volume":"14","author":"Given","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/12\/1474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:00:13Z","timestamp":1760187613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/12\/1474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11121474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11121474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]}}}