{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:00:27Z","timestamp":1766268027595,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping function (MF) converts the line-of-sight slant total electron content (STEC) into the vertical total electron content (VTEC), and vice versa. In an MF, an essential parameter is the ionospheric effective height. However, the inhomogeneous ionosphere makes this height vary spatially and temporally, meaning it is not a global constant. In the paper, we review several mapping functions and propose a mapping function that utilizes the ionospheric varying height (IVH). We investigate impacts of the IVH on mapping errors and on the ionospheric modeling, as well as on the satellite and receiver differential code biases (DCBs). Our analysis results indicate that the mapping errors using IVH are smaller than those from the fixed height of 450 km. The integral height achieves smaller mapping errors than using a fixed height of 450 km, an improvement of about 8% when compared with the fixed height of 450 km. And 35% smaller mapping errors were found using HmF2 at the lower latitude. Also, the effects of IVH on the satellite DCBs are about 0.1 ns, and larger impacts on the receiver DCBs at 1.0 ns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1561459951000},"page":"1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["An Enhanced Mapping Function with Ionospheric Varying Height"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calagry T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calagry T2N 1N4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1029\/97RS02707","article-title":"A global mapping technique for GPS-derived ionospheric total electron content measurements","volume":"33","author":"Mannucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1029\/97RS01457","article-title":"Estimation of total electron content using GPS data: How stable are the differential satellite and receiver instrumental biases?","volume":"32","author":"Zarraoa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0565-4","article-title":"Two-step method for the determination of the differential code biases of COMPASS satellites","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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[Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft].","DOI":"10.54419\/z48wom"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/12\/1497\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:00:55Z","timestamp":1760187655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/12\/1497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11121497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11121497","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]}}}