{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:35:06Z","timestamp":1776465306301,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/50531-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/50531-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["08\/58120-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58120-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/22987-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/22987-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have explored the linkages between phenology and ecosystem productivity across the Amazon basin. However, few studies have focused on flooded forests, which correspond to c.a. 14% of the basin. In this study, we assessed the seasonality of ecosystem productivity (gross primary productivity, GPP) from eddy covariance measurements, environmental drivers and phenological patterns obtained from the field (leaf litter mass) and satellite measurements (enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer\/multi-angle implementation correction (MODIS\/MAIAC)) in an Amazonian floodplain forest. We found that ecosystem productivity is limited by soil moisture in two different ways. During the flooded period, the excess of water limits GPP (Spearman\u2019s correlation; rho = \u22120.22), while during non-flooded months, GPP is positively associated with soil moisture (rho = 0.34). However, GPP is maximized when cumulative water deficit (CWD) increases (rho = 0.81), indicating that GPP is dependent on the amount of water available. EVI was positively associated with leaf litter mass (Pearson\u2019s correlation; r = 0.55) and with GPP (r = 0.50), suggesting a coupling between new leaf production and the phenology of photosynthetic capacity, decreasing both at the peak of the flooded period and at the end of the dry season. EVI was able to describe the inter-annual variations on forest responses to environmental drivers, which have changed during an observed El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) year (2015\/2016).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1561720826000},"page":"1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Phenology and Seasonal Ecosystem Productivity in an Amazonian Floodplain Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0551-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia D. M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7151-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Dalagnol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division - INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadvinder","family":"Malhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami W.","family":"Rifai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel B.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Western Para, Santar\u00e9m, PA 68040-260, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago S. F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK94LA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humberto R.","family":"Da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences - IAG, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iane B.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Borma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A large and persistent carbon sink in the world\u2019s forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4434","article-title":"Size and frequency of natural forest disturbances and the Amazon forest carbon balance","volume":"5","author":"Gloor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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