{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:17:02Z","timestamp":1774664222466,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471033, 41771049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471033, 41771049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autumn vegetation phenology plays a critical role in identifying the end of the growing season and its response to climate change. Using the six vegetation indices retrieved from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data, we extracted an end date of the growing season (EOS) in the temperate deciduous broadleaf forest (TDBF) area of China. Then, we validated EOS with the ground-observed leaf fall date (LF) of dominant tree species at 27 sites and selected the best vegetation index. Moreover, we analyzed the spatial pattern of EOS based on the best vegetation index and its dependency on geo-location indicators and seasonal temperature\/precipitation. Results show that the plant senescence reflectance index-based EOS agrees most closely with LF. Multi-year averaged EOS display latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal gradients. The altitudinal sensitivity of EOS became weaker from 2000 to 2012. Temperature-based spatial phenology modeling indicated that a 1 K spatial shift in seasonal mean temperature can cause a spatial shift of 2.4\u20133.6 days in EOS. The models explain between 54% and 73% of the variance in the EOS timing. However, the influence of seasonal precipitation on spatial variations of EOS was much weaker. Thus, spatial temperature variation controls the spatial patterns of EOS in TDBF of China, and future temperature increase might lead to more uniform autumn phenology across elevations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1561720826000},"page":"1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Geographic and Climatic Attributions of Autumn Land Surface Phenology Spatial Patterns in the Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Forest of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3012-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siwei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/416389a","article-title":"Ecological responses to recent climate change","volume":"416","author":"Walther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002666","article-title":"Phenology and its role in carbon dioxide exchange processes in northern peatlands","volume":"119","author":"Kross","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001012.x","article-title":"Spatial analysis of growing season length control over net ecosystem exchange","volume":"11","author":"Churkina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-005-0082-x","article-title":"Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought","volume":"9","author":"Kljun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.11.006","article-title":"Temperature controls on the spatial pattern of tree phenology in China\u2019s temperate zone","volume":"154\u2013155","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12625","article-title":"Strong contribution of autumn phenology to changes in satellite-derived growing season length estimates across Europe (1982\u20132011)","volume":"20","author":"Garonna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.07.019","article-title":"Evidence of autumn phenology control on annual net ecosystem productivity in two temperate deciduous forests","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14095","article-title":"Antagonistic effects of growing season and autumn temperatures on the timing of leaf coloration in winter deciduous trees","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509991112","article-title":"Deciduous forest responses to temperature, precipitation, and drought imply complex climate change impacts","volume":"112","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321727111","article-title":"Variation in leaf flushing date influences autumnal senescence and next year\u2019s flushing date in two temperate tree species","volume":"111","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hopkins, A.D. (1918). Periodical Events and Natural Law as Guides to Agricultural Research and Practice, No. 9."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Nakahara, M. (1948). Phenology, Kawadesyobo Press. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"33","article-title":"On the geographical distribution of phenodate in China","volume":"38","author":"Gong","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Park-Ono, H.S., Kawamura, T., and Yoshino, M. (1993, January 12\u201318). Relationships between flowering date of cherry blossom (Prumus yedoensis) and air temperature in East Asia. In Proceeding of the 13th International Congress of Biometerology, Calgary, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3354\/cr018249","article-title":"Phenological maps of Europe","volume":"18","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133316656558","article-title":"Beyond the Bioclimatic Law: Geographic adaptation patterns of temperate plant phenology","volume":"40","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00135-9","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.09.003","article-title":"Noise reduction of NDVI time series: An empirical comparison of selected techniques","volume":"113","author":"Hird","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x","article-title":"Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China\u2019s temperate vegetation","volume":"12","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.09.010","article-title":"Field experiments to test the use of the normalized-difference vegetation index for phenology detection","volume":"150","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.023","article-title":"A general Landsat model to predict canopy defoliation in broadleaf deciduous forests","volume":"119","author":"Townsend","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.001","article-title":"Modeling growing season phenology in North American forests using seasonal mean vegetation indices from MODIS","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor1800-009","article-title":"A comparative study of four approaches to assess phenology of Populus in a short-rotation coppice culture","volume":"9","author":"Vanbeveren","year":"2016","journal-title":"iForest"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.1999.106119.x","article-title":"Non-destructive optical detection of pigment changes during leaf senescence and fruit ripening","volume":"106","author":"Merzlyak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.005","article-title":"Seasonal reflectance dynamics of common understory types in a northern European boreal forest","volume":"115","author":"Rautiainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.01.010","article-title":"Spectral monitoring of moorland plant phenology to identify a temporal window for hyperspectral remote sensing of peatland","volume":"90","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-016-1236-6","article-title":"Assessing plant senescence reflectance index-retrieved vegetation phenology and its spatiotemporal response to climate change in the Inner Mongolian Grassland","volume":"61","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000056","article-title":"Determining the growing season of land vegetation on the basis of plant phenology and satellite data in Northern China","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840100102","article-title":"An analysis of relationships among plant community phenology and seasonal metrics of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in the northern part of the monsoon region of China","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.022","article-title":"Green leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: Scaling from the field to the satellite","volume":"100","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02189.x","article-title":"Remote sensing of larch phenological cycle and analysis of relationships with climate in the Alpine region","volume":"16","author":"Busetto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hou, X. (2001). 1:1,000,000 Vegetation Atlas of China, Science Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"China Meterological Administration (1993). Observation Criterion of Agricultural Meteorology, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015921","article-title":"Improving land surface temperature modeling for dry land of China","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17131","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00201","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of visible to middle-infrared EOS-MODIS data over land surfaces: Background, operational algorithm and validation","volume":"102","author":"Vermote","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., Deering, D.W., and Harlan, J.C. (1974). Monitoring the Vernal Advancements and Retrogradation of Natural Vegetation, NASA\/GSFC. Final Report."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00051-2","article-title":"Characterization of forest types in Northeastern China, using multi-temporal SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor data","volume":"82","author":"Xiao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1078\/0176-1617-01176","article-title":"Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index for remote quantification of biophysical characteristics of vegetation","volume":"161","author":"Gitelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2102369","article-title":"Applicability of Green-Red Vegetation Index for Remote Sensing of Vegetation Phenology","volume":"2","author":"Motohka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2003.00784.x","article-title":"Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid- and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.021","article-title":"Improved monitoring of vegetation dynamics at very high latitudes: A new method using MODIS NDVI","volume":"100","author":"Beck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.008","article-title":"Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in an evergreen needleleaf forest","volume":"89","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/s8010051","article-title":"Changes in spectral properties, chlorophyll content and internal mesophyll structure of senescing Populus balsamifera and Populus tremuloides leaves","volume":"8","author":"Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.10.034","article-title":"Modeling spatiotemporal variations in leaf coloring date of three tree species across China","volume":"249","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-012-0686-7","article-title":"Temporal shifts in leaf phenology of beech (Fagus sylvatica) depend on elevation","volume":"26","author":"Cufar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trees Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.00974.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/13\/1546\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:02:18Z","timestamp":1760187738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/13\/1546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11131546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11131546","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]}}}