{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:18:07Z","timestamp":1762543087692,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoas de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel empirical approach to categorize oil slicks\u2019 sea surface expressions in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements into oil seeps or oil spills is investigated, contributing both to academic remote sensing research and to practical applications for the petroleum industry. We use linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to try accuracy improvements from our previously published methods of discriminating seeps from spills that achieved ~70% of overall accuracy. Analyzing 244 RADARSAT-2 scenes containing 4562 slicks observed in Campeche Bay (Gulf of Mexico), our exploratory data analysis evaluates the impact of 61 combinations of SAR backscatter coefficients (\u03c3\u00b0, \u03b2\u00b0, \u03b3\u00b0), SAR calibrated products (received radar beam given in amplitude or decibel, with or without a despeckle filter), and data transformations (none, cube root, log10). The LDA ability to discriminate the oil-slick category is rather independent of backscatter coefficients and calibrated products, but influenced by data transformations. The combination of attributes plays a role in the discrimination; combining oil-slicks\u2019 size and SAR information is more effective. We have simplified our analyses using fewer attributes to reach accuracies comparable to those of our earlier studies, and we suggest using other multivariate data analyses\u2014cubist or random forest\u2014to attempt to further improve oil-slick category discrimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T11:28:28Z","timestamp":1562844508000},"page":"1652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Oil-Slick Category Discrimination (Seeps vs. Spills): A Linear Discriminant Analysis Using RADARSAT-2 Backscatter Coefficients (\u03c3\u00b0, \u03b2\u00b0, and \u03b3\u00b0) in Campeche Bay (Gulf of Mexico)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5282-9812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sensoriamento Remoto por Radar Aplicado \u00e0 Ind\u00fastria do Petr\u00f3leo (LabSAR), Laborat\u00f3rio de M\u00e9todos Computacionais em Engenharia (LAMCE), Programa de Engenharia Civil (PEC), Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Minnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences (OCE), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami (UM), Miami, FL 33145, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9429-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo T.","family":"Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia Marinha e Oceanografia Pesqueira da Amaz\u00f4nia (LEMOPA), Instituto Socioambiental e dos Recursos H\u00eddricos (ISARH), Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz\u00f4nia (UFRA), Bel\u00e9m 66077-830, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fernando P.","family":"de Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Leopoldo Am\u00e9rico Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Petr\u00f3leo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras), Rio de Janeiro 21941-915, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luiz","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sensoriamento Remoto por Radar Aplicado \u00e0 Ind\u00fastria do Petr\u00f3leo (LabSAR), Laborat\u00f3rio de M\u00e9todos Computacionais em Engenharia (LAMCE), Programa de Engenharia Civil (PEC), Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"Ixtoc I: A case study of the world\u2019s largest oil spill","volume":"10","author":"Jernelov","year":"1981","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/290235a0","article-title":"Ixtoc I oil spill: Flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"290","author":"Patton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (1980, January 9\u201310). 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