{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:54:45Z","timestamp":1774367685009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L016516\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L016516\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/P016855\/1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P016855\/1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","award":["CH1090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CH1090"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation indices, such as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), are common metrics used for measuring traits of interest in crop phenotyping. However, traditional measurements of these indices are often influenced by multiple confounding factors such as canopy cover and reflectance of underlying soil, visible in canopy gaps. Digital cameras mounted to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles offer the spatial resolution to investigate these confounding factors, however incomplete methods for radiometric calibration into reflectance units limits how the data can be applied to phenotyping. In this study, we assess the applicability of very high spatial resolution (1 cm) UAV-based imagery taken with commercial off the shelf (COTS) digital cameras for both deriving calibrated reflectance imagery, and isolating vegetation canopy reflectance from that of the underlying soil. We present new methods for successfully normalising COTS camera imagery for exposure and solar irradiance effects, generating multispectral (RGB-NIR) orthomosaics of our target field-based wheat crop trial. Validation against measurements from a ground spectrometer showed good results for reflectance (R2 \u2265 0.6) and NDVI (R2 \u2265 0.88). Application of imagery collected through the growing season and masked using the Excess Green Red index was used to assess the impact of canopy cover on NDVI measurements. Results showed the impact of canopy cover artificially reducing plot NDVI values in the early season, where canopy development is low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T11:28:28Z","timestamp":1562844508000},"page":"1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Radiometric Calibration of \u2018Commercial off the Shelf\u2019 Cameras for UAV-Based High-Resolution Temporal Crop Phenotyping of Reflectance and NDVI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fenner H.","family":"Holman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4018-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Riche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK"}]},{"given":"March","family":"Castle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin J.","family":"Wooster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-3969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm J.","family":"Hawkesford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pask, A.J.D., Pietragalla, J., Mullan, D.M., and Reynolds, M.P. 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