{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:06:32Z","timestamp":1782399992441,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]],"date-time":"2019-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Airborne fungal spores (AFS) represent the major fraction of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs), and they are studied worldwide largely due to their important role within the Earth system. They have an impact on climate and human health, and they contribute to the propagation of diseases. As their presence in the air depends largely on studied ecosystems, a spore trap was used to monitor their atmospheric concentrations from 2014 to December 2018 in Saclay, a suburban area in the megacity of Paris. The main objective of this work was: (1) to understand the atmospheric variability of AFS in relation to different variables such as meteorological factors, agricultural practice, and (2) to identify their geographical origin by using a source receptor model. During our period of observation, 30 taxa have been identified under a light microscope. In order of importance, Ascospores, Cladosporium, Basidiospores, Tilletiopsis, Alternaria were found to be the most abundant types respectively (50.8%, 33.6%, 7.6%, 1.8%, and 1.3%) accounting for 95% of the atmospheric concentrations. We observed a general decrease associated with a strong interannual variability. A bimodal seasonal cycle was identified with a first maximum in July and a second in October. The main parameters driving the atmospheric concentration are temperature and precipitation. The daily variability is strongly activated by successive periods of hot weather and rainfall, multiplying the concentration by a factor of 1000 in less than 12 hours. Results from the source receptor model ZeFir point out unambiguous different origins of AFS due to specific sources impacting the observation site. Our study also indicated that a hydrological stress has a direct effect on the daily concentrations. This last point should be taken into account for every stressed ecosystem studied in a global warming context. This is particularly important for Mediterranean areas where water is a key control of the growth and dispersion of fungal spores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T04:55:27Z","timestamp":1563166527000},"page":"1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Variability and Geographical Origin of Five Years Airborne Fungal Spore Concentrations Measured at Saclay, France from 2014 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Sarda-Est\u00e8ve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, LSCE\/IPSL, Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Baisn\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, LSCE\/IPSL, Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Guinot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019A\u00e9rologie, Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Sodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technological University of Dublin, D08NF82 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6419-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordina","family":"Belmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncia i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Besancenot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9seau National de Surveillance A\u00e9robiologique, 69690 Brussieu, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Eudes","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, LSCE\/IPSL, Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Thibaudon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9seau National de Surveillance A\u00e9robiologique, 69690 Brussieu, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9seau National de Surveillance A\u00e9robiologique, 69690 Brussieu, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Sindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9seau National de Surveillance A\u00e9robiologique, 69690 Brussieu, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Gros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, LSCE\/IPSL, Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.07.018","article-title":"Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions","volume":"182","author":"Kampf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00112-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00112-18","article-title":"Characterization of Aspergillus niger Isolated from the International Space Station","volume":"3","author":"Romsdahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MSystems"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-1637-2016","article-title":"Size-resolved measurements of ice-nucleating particles at six locations in North America and one in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monitoring of the airborne biological particles in outdoor atmosphere. Part 1: Importance, variability and ratios","volume":"19","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10947","article-title":"Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health","volume":"484","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3109\/10408440903307333","article-title":"Fungal spores: A critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting","volume":"39","author":"Eduard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-015-9410-6","article-title":"Temporal trends of the airborne fungal spores in Catalonia (NE Spain), 1995\u20132013","volume":"32","author":"Delgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191056","article-title":"Rainforest aerosols as biogenic nuclei of clouds and precipitation in the Amazon","volume":"329","author":"Poschl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"24621","article-title":"The ice nucleation ability of one of the most abundant types of fungal spores found in the atmosphere","volume":"10","author":"Iannone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76864-0","article-title":"Direct characterization of the physicochemical properties of fungal spores using functionalized AFM probes","volume":"78","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.03.019","article-title":"Significant contributions of fungal spores to the organic carbon and to the aerosol mass balance of the urban atmospheric aerosol","volume":"42","author":"Bauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.2001020","article-title":"Influence of ambient fungal spores on emergency visits for asthma to a regional children\u2019s hospital","volume":"162","author":"Dales","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15397","article-title":"Fungi in respiratory samples of horses with inflammatory airway disease","volume":"33","author":"Dauvillier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1027\/0838-1925.16.2.52","article-title":"Allergenic fungal spore records (15 years) and relationship with meteorological parameters in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"16","author":"Gioulekas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy Clin. Immunol. Int. J. World Allergy Organ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-1125-2012","article-title":"Biogeography in the air: Fungal diversity over land and oceans","volume":"9","author":"Burrows","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9051","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-9051-2014","article-title":"The contribution of fungal spores and bacteria to regional and global aerosol number and ice nucleation immersion freezing rates","volume":"14","author":"Spracklen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.013","article-title":"Arabitol and mannitol as tracers for the quantification of airborne fungal spores","volume":"42","author":"Bauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-4569-2007","article-title":"Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: Wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions","volume":"7","author":"Elbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09806","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037493","article-title":"Atmospheric budget of primary biological aerosol particles from fungal spores","volume":"36","author":"Heald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.10.010","article-title":"Fungal contribution to size-segregated aerosol measured through biomarkers","volume":"64","author":"Pomata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1952.tb00904.x","article-title":"An automatic volumetric spore trap","volume":"39","author":"Hirst","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.07.004","article-title":"Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust","volume":"21","author":"Kellogg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/89738","article-title":"New findings of airborne fungal spores in the atmosphere of Havana, Cuba, using aerobiological non-viable methodology","volume":"25","author":"Aira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00039-06","article-title":"Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health","volume":"20","author":"Griffin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-006-6843-5","article-title":"Establishing jujube trees in sub-Saharan Africa: Response of introduced and local cultivars to rock phosphate and water supply in Burkina Faso, West Africa","volume":"68","author":"Bayala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-5661.00013","article-title":"Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories","volume":"26","author":"Middleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10S12","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004436","article-title":"Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"110","author":"Kaufman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080508-081923","article-title":"Ustilago maydis as a pathogen","volume":"47","author":"Brefort","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000107578","article-title":"The spectrum of fungal allergy","volume":"145","author":"Denk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Determination of viable allergenic fungi in the documents repository environment of the national archive of Cuba","volume":"5","author":"Borrego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Austin J. Public Health Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Sarda-Est\u00e8ve, R., and Roux, J. (2013, January 20). Physico chemical qualification and refinements of a new portable bio aerosol collector. Institute of Physics (IOP). Proceedings of the Charged Aerosols Conference, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2015.07.002","article-title":"Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock\u2013A review to inform risk assessment studies","volume":"1","author":"Swart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.023","article-title":"Use of dispersion modelling for Environmental Impact Assessment of biological air pollution from composting: Progress, problems and prospects","volume":"70","author":"Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.061","article-title":"A statistical model for predicting the inter-annual variability of birch pollen abundance in Northern and North-Eastern Europe","volume":"615","author":"Ritenberga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.419","article-title":"Airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium fungal spores in Europe: Forecasting possibilities and relationships with meteorological parameters","volume":"653","author":"Nowosad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.03.037","article-title":"A new method for determining the sources of airborne particles","volume":"155","author":"Oteros","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.02.035","article-title":"A comparison of on-line and off-line bioaerosol measurements at a biowaste site","volume":"76","author":"Feeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.11.022","article-title":"A user-friendly tool for comprehensive evaluation of the geographical origins of atmospheric pollution: Wind and trajectory analyses","volume":"88","author":"Petit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarda-Est\u00e8ve, R., Baisn\u00e9e, D., Guinot, B., Petit, J.-E., Sodeau, J., O\u2019Connor, D., Besancenot, J.-P., Thibaudon, M., and Gros, V. (2018). Temporal variability and geographical origins of airborne pollen grains concentrations from 2015 to 2018 at Saclay, France. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121932"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"76","article-title":"Airborne fungal spores in a suburban area of Eastern India with reference to their allergenic potential and effect on asthma related hospitalisation","volume":"54","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Palynol. Vol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-005-0248-2","article-title":"Entomophthora ferdinandii (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) causing natural infections of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in Argentina","volume":"161","author":"Lastra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Sarda-Esteve, R., Gallagher, M., Huffman, J., Poeschl, U., Su, H., Kiselev, D., Saari, S., Sodeau, J., O\u2019Connor, D., and Mcmeeking, G. (2014, January 20\u201324). International inter-comparison of laser\/light-induced fluorescence (L\/LIF) methods for the real-time detection of bioaerosols: BIODETECT 2014 campaign at CEA\/LSCE ACTRIS SUPERSITE (Saclay, France).; 2014. Proceedings of the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) Annual Conference, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-5063-2015","article-title":"ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison\u2013Part 1: Reproducibility of concentration and fragment results from 13 individual quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitors (Q-ACSM) and consistency with co-located instruments","volume":"8","author":"Crenn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2018, November 30). LANZONI Volumetric Pollen and Particle Sampler, VPPS 2000, User\u2019s Manual. Available online: https:\/\/www.lanzoni.it\/campionatore-pollini."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00173138109427653","article-title":"An evaluation of the microscopical counting methods of the tape in Hirst-Burkard pollen and spore trap","volume":"20","author":"Penttinen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Grana"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-014-9335-5","article-title":"EAS QC working group Pollen monitoring: Minimum requirements and reproducibility of analysis","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-017-9496-0","article-title":"Recommended terminology for aerobiological studies","volume":"33","author":"Ariatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1021\/es8011723","article-title":"Source region identification using kernel smoothing","volume":"43","author":"Henry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.11.003","article-title":"Determining source impacts near roadways using wind regression and organic source markers","volume":"47","author":"Olson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<1362:ACOSPE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A comparison of several \u201csingle-pass\u201d estimators of the standard deviation of wind direction","volume":"23","author":"Yamartino","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2019, March 04). Meteo France. Available online: http:\/\/www.meteofrance.fr\/climat-passe-et-futur\/climat-en-france."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02446602","article-title":"Ten types of microscopically identifiable airborne fungal spores at Leiden, The Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Nikkels","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2014.09.010","article-title":"Long-term trends in airborne fungal-spore concentrations: A comparison with pollen","volume":"13","author":"Damialis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-006-9025-z","article-title":"Study of airborne fungal spores in Madrid, Spain","volume":"22","author":"Herrero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/027868200303678","article-title":"Associations of fungal aerosols, air pollutants, and meteorological factors","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-014-9347-1","article-title":"Effects of meteorological factors on the composition of selected fungal spores in the air","volume":"31","author":"Bosiacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/00173138109427661","article-title":"Tree pollen spectra in the stockholm region (Sweden), 1973\u20131980","volume":"20","author":"Nilsson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Grana"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Sarda-Estve, R., Vinarnick, J., Baisnee, D., Bohard, C., Favez, O., Roux, J.M., and Bossuet, C. (2015, January 12\u201316). On line quantification of anhydrosugars emitted in the atmosphere by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD). Proceedings of the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) Annual Conference, Mineapolis, MN, USA."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-6151-2013","article-title":"High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain","volume":"13","author":"Huffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.04.059","article-title":"Temporal variations in the diversity of airborne fungal spores in a Mediterranean high altitude site","volume":"210","author":"Pace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2963","article-title":"Fungal systematics: Is a new age of enlightenment at hand?","volume":"11","author":"Hibbett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2019, March 04). UBIO. Available online: https:\/\/ubio.org\/."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"187","article-title":"Classification of marine Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2003.11.021","article-title":"The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations\u2014A review","volume":"326","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"335","article-title":"Dry liberation of fungus spores by raindrops","volume":"33","author":"Hirst","year":"1963","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/00173139809362674","article-title":"Outdoor airborne fungal spores in Singapore","volume":"37","author":"Lim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Grana"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-016-9422-x","article-title":"Airborne Cladosporium fungal spores and climate change in France","volume":"32","author":"Sindt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.01.001","article-title":"Proteomic characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from air and surfaces of the International Space Station","volume":"124","author":"Blachowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2019, March 04). M\u00e9t\u00e9o France. Available online: http:\/\/www.meteofrance.fr\/climat- passe-et-futur\/bilans-climatiques\/bilan-2018\/bilan-climatique-de-l-annee-2018."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/75877","article-title":"Effect of ambient air temperature and solar radiation on changes in bacterial and fungal aerosols concentration in the urban environment","volume":"25","author":"Kowalski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2019, March 04). Des chiffres et des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales\u2014\u00c9dition 2018. Available online: https:\/\/publications.passioncereales.fr\/chiffres-cereales-2018."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01729","article-title":"Fungal communities including plant pathogens in near surface air are similar across northwestern Europe","volume":"8","author":"Nicolaisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2019, March 04). Enqu\u00eate sur les principals grandes cultures. Available online: http:\/\/agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr\/IMG\/file\/dossier8_cultures_panorama.pdf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-015-9402-6","article-title":"Potential impact of climate change on fungal distributions: Analysis of 2 years of contrasting weather in the UK","volume":"32","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alternaria brassicicola on imported garden crucifer seed, a potential threat to rapeseed production in Western Canada","volume":"54","author":"Petrie","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. Plant Dis. Surv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/001731301317223268","article-title":"The effect of local cropping activities and weather on the airborne concentration of allergenic Alternaria spores in rural Australia","volume":"40","author":"Mitakakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Grana"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:05:27Z","timestamp":1760187927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11141671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11141671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]]}}}