{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:40:36Z","timestamp":1778341236723,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]],"date-time":"2019-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006198","name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX15AP36A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AP36A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G14AC00370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G14AC00370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increasing number of Earth-observing satellite sensors are being launched to meet the insatiable demand for timely and accurate data to aid the understanding of the Earth\u2019s complex systems and to monitor significant changes to them. To make full use of the data from these sensors, it is mandatory to bring them to a common radiometric scale through a cross-calibration approach. Commonly, cross-calibration data were acquired from selected pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS), located primarily throughout the Saharan desert in North Africa, determined to be temporally, spatially, and spectrally stable. The major limitation to this approach is that long periods of time are required to assemble sufficiently sampled cloud-free cross-calibration datasets. Recently, Shrestha et al. identified extended, cluster-based sites potentially suitable for PICS-based cross-calibration and estimated representative hyperspectral profiles for them. This work investigates the performance of extended pseudo-invariant calibration sites (EPICS) in cross-calibration for one of Shrestha\u2019s clusters, Cluster 13, by comparing its results to those obtained from a traditional PICS-based cross-calibration. The use of EPICS clusters can significantly increase the number of cross-calibration opportunities within a much shorter time period. The cross-calibration gain ratio estimated using a cluster-based approach had a similar accuracy to the cross-calibration gain derived from region of interest (ROI)-based approaches. The cluster-based cross-calibration gain ratio is consistent within approximately 2% of the ROI-based cross-calibration gain ratio for all bands except for the coastal and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) 2 bands. These results show that image data from any region within Cluster 13 can be used for sensor cross-calibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T04:55:27Z","timestamp":1563166527000},"page":"1676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Extended Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (EPICS) for the Cross-Calibration of Optical Satellite Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8368-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Nahid","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0836-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Helder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00210-3","article-title":"Unified approach to absolute radiometric calibration in the solar-reflective range","volume":"77","author":"Slater","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00111-4","article-title":"Calibration of space-multispectral imaging sensors: A review","volume":"68","author":"Dinguirard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"853","article-title":"Radiometric calibration of Landsat","volume":"63","author":"Thome","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12275","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212275","article-title":"Landsat-8 operational land imager radiometric calibration and stability","volume":"6","author":"Markham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(87)90026-5","article-title":"Reflectance-and radiance-based methods for the in-flight absolute calibration of multispectral sensors","volume":"22","author":"Slater","year":"1987","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00247-4","article-title":"Absolute radiometric calibration of Landsat 7 ETM+ using the reflectance-based method","volume":"78","author":"Thome","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thome, K.J., Gustafson-Bold, C., Slater, P.N., and Farrand, W.H. (1996). In-Flight Radiometric Calibration of Hydice Using a Reflectance-Based Approach, International Society for Optics and Photonics. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Applications, 1996.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.257179"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90060-Y","article-title":"Three methods for the absolute calibration of the NOAA AVHRR sensors in-flight","volume":"31","author":"Teillet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100600","article-title":"The ground-based absolute radiometric calibration of Landsat 8 OLI","volume":"7","author":"McCorkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00248-6","article-title":"Radiometric cross-calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-5 TM sensors based on tandem data sets","volume":"78","author":"Teillet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chander, G., Angal, A., Choi, T.J., Meyer, D.J., Xiong, X.J., and Teillet, P.M. (2007). Cross-Calibration of the Terra MODIS, Landsat 7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI Sensors Using Near-Simultaneous Surface Observation over the Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada, Test Site, International Society for Optics and Photonics. Earth Observing Systems XII, 2007.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.734292"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836387","article-title":"Cross calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI sensor","volume":"42","author":"Chander","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cosnefroy, H., Briottet, X., Leroy, M., Lecomte, P., and Santer, R. (1994, January 8\u201312). In Field Characterization of Saharan Sites Reflectances for the Calibration of Optical Satellite Sensors. Proceedings of the IGARSS\u201994-1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00211-1","article-title":"Selection and characterization of Saharan and Arabian desert sites for the calibration of optical satellite sensors","volume":"58","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.039","article-title":"Radiometric comparison of multispectral imagers over a pseudo-invariant calibration site using a reference radiometric model","volume":"140","author":"Bouvet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-085","article-title":"Optimized identification of worldwide radiometric pseudo-invariant calibration sites","volume":"36","author":"Helder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2228007","article-title":"Applications of spectral band adjustment factors (SBAF) for cross-calibration","volume":"51","author":"Chander","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2251999","article-title":"Radiometric cross-calibration of EO-1 ALI with L7 ETM+ and Terra MODIS sensors using near-simultaneous desert observations","volume":"6","author":"Chander","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Farhad, M.M. (2018). Cross Calibration and Validation of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2A MSI. [Master\u2019s Thesis, South Dakota State University]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, C., Ponzoni, F., Castro, R., Leigh, L., Mishra, N., Aaron, D., and Helder, D. (2016). First in-flight radiometric calibration of MUX and WFI on-board CBERS-4. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050405"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2017.62011","article-title":"Sentinel-2 MSI radiometric characterization and cross-calibration with Landsat-8 OLI","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"475","article-title":"Vicarious Calibration and Validation","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comprehensive Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, M., Leigh, L., and Helder, D. (2019). Classification of the North Africa Region for Use as an Extended Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (EPICS) for Radiometric Calibration and Stability Monitoring of Optical Satellite Sensors. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070875"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Shrestha, M., Leigh, L., Helder, D., and Loveland, T. (2017, January 13\u201316). Large area Saharan PICS developemnt for calibration and stability monitoring of optical satellite sensors. Proceedings of the Pecora 20, Sioux Falls, SD, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gascon, F., Bouzinac, C., Th\u00e9paut, O., Jung, M., Francesconi, B., Louis, J., Lonjou, V., Lafrance, B., Massera, S., and Gaudel-Vacaresse, A. (2017). Copernicus Sentinel-2A calibration and products validation status. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060584"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.026","article-title":"The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat data continuity mission","volume":"122","author":"Irons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021327","article-title":"Absolute calibration of optical satellite sensors using Libya 4 pseudo invariant calibration site","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2243738","article-title":"Absolute radiometric calibration of Landsat using a pseudo invariant calibration site","volume":"51","author":"Helder","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.12.003","article-title":"Monitoring on-orbit calibration stability of the Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ sensors using pseudo-invariant test sites","volume":"114","author":"Chander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227061","article-title":"Cross calibration over desert sites: Description, methodology, and operational implementation","volume":"51","author":"Lacherade","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2228210","article-title":"Assessment of spectral band impact on intercalibration over desert sites using simulation based on EO-1 Hyperion data","volume":"51","author":"Henry","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.03.003","article-title":"Impacts of spectral band difference effects on radiometric cross-calibration between satellite sensors in the solar-reflective spectral domain","volume":"110","author":"Teillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090902","article-title":"A global analysis of Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B and Landsat-8 data revisit intervals and implications for terrestrial monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, M.N., Shrestha, M., Leigh, L., and Helder, D. (2019). Evaluation of an Extended PICS (EPICS) for Calibration and Stability Monitoring of Optical Satellite Sensors, Unpublished work.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151755"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2019, April 25). USGS Landsat 8 (L8) Data Users Handbook, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/media\/files\/landsat-8-data-users-handbook."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2019, March 05). ESA Sentinel-2 User Handbook. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/documents\/247904\/685211\/Sentinel-2_User_Handbook."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2502904","article-title":"A web-based tool for calculating spectral band difference adjustment factors derived from SCIAMACHY hyperspectral data","volume":"54","author":"Scarino","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1999)056<0127:SMOAMM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"SCIAMACHY: Mission objectives and measurement modes","volume":"56","author":"Bovensmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"42","article-title":"MODIS BRDF\/albedo product: Algorithm theoretical basis document version 5.0","volume":"23","author":"Strahler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Modis Doc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.01.023","article-title":"A general method to normalize Landsat reflectance data to nadir BRDF adjusted reflectance","volume":"176","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331269779","article-title":"A new method for cross-calibration of two satellite sensors","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth\u2019s surface for the correction of remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, A., Xiong, X., Cao, C., and Angal, A. (2008). In Monitoring MODIS Calibration Stability of Visible and Near-IR Bands from Observed Top-of-Atmosphere BRDF-Normalized Reflectances over Libyan Desert and Antarctic Surfaces, International Society for Optics and Photonics. Earth Observing Systems XIII, 2008.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.795296"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1507613","article-title":"Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat-8 OLI radiometric cross comparison over desert sites","volume":"51","author":"Barsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franch, B., Vermote, E., Skakun, S., Roger, J.-C., Masek, J., Ju, J., Villaescusa-Nadal, J.L., and Santamaria-Artigas, A. (2019). A Method for Landsat and Sentinel 2 (HLS) BRDF Normalization. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060632"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2343592","article-title":"Angular effects and correction for medium resolution sensors to support crop monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:05:36Z","timestamp":1760187936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11141676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11141676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]}}}