{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:41:51Z","timestamp":1760488911211,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC1401008","2016YFC1401001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1401008","2016YFC1401001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M612124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M612124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landsat 4-5, built at the same time and with the same design, carrying the Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM) simultaneously, jointly provided observation service for about 30 years (1982\u20132013). Considering the importance of data continuity for time series analyses, investigations on the continuity of the Landsat 4-5 MSS and TM are required. In this paper, characterization differences between the Landsat 4-5 MSS and TM were initially discussed using the synthesized reflectance records generated from a collection of Hyperion hyperspectral profiles which were well calibrated and widely distributed. The difference in near-infrared region mostly contributed to the difference in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) between MSS and TM, while the between-sensor difference in red spectrum was relatively minor. Models for transforming MSS NDVI to TM NDVI were proposed, and validated subsequently through cross-validation tests. Furthermore, effectiveness of the transformation models was investigated using eight synchronous observation pairs of the Landsat 5 MSS and TM. On average, the univariate models through ordinary least squares regression (OLS) regression resulted in a decrease about 10% of the median relative difference (MdRD). Meanwhile, the bivariate models improved the NDVI comparability in most cases, especially when the transformation models through ridge regression were implemented. The univariate model through OLS regression could be the only solution for cases when problems of data quality are encountered (e.g., problem in the MSS near-infrared channel (800\u20131000 nm)). In conclusion, the findings on NDVI transformation models from MSS to TM are valuable for reference, because of the collection of diverse Hyperion hyperspectral profiles used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T02:23:16Z","timestamp":1563243796000},"page":"1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Continuity of the Landsat 4-5 MSS and TM: Investigations Based on Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart Cities, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Shenlong","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart Cities, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Qiancong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart Cities, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Chenxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Claverie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-796X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart Cities, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart Cities, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1126\/science.320.5879.1011a","article-title":"Free access to Landsat imagery","volume":"320","author":"Woodcock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.022","article-title":"Landsat: Building a strong future","volume":"122","author":"Loveland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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