{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:08:00Z","timestamp":1774685280122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41705009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41705009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41605091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41605091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1507905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two episodes with heavy air pollution in Nanjing, China, one in the summer and another one in the winter of 2017, were selected to study aerosol properties using sun photometer and ground-based measurements, together with source region analysis. The aerosol properties, the meteorological conditions, and the source regions during these two episodes were very different. The episodes were selected based on the air quality index (AQI), which reached a maximum value of 193 during the summer episode (26 May\u20133 June) and 304 during the winter episode (21\u201331 December). The particulate matter (PM) concentrations during the winter episode reached maximum values for PM2.5\/10 of 254 \u03bcg m\u22123 and 345 \u03bcg m\u22123, much higher than those during the summer (73 and 185 \u03bcg m\u22123). In contrast, the value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm was higher during the summer episode (2.52 \u00b1 0.19) than during that in the winter (1.38 \u00b1 0.18). A high AOD value does not necessarily correspond to a high PM concentration but is also affected by factors, such as wind, Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH), and relative humidity. The mean value of the \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Exponent (AE) varied from 0.91\u20131.42, suggesting that the aerosol is a mixture of invaded dust and black carbon. The absorption was stronger during the summer than during the winter, with a minimum value of the single scattering albedo (SSA) at 440 nm of 0.86 on 28 May. Low values of asymmetry factor (ASY) (0.65 at 440 nm and 0.58 at 1020 nm) suggest a large number of anthropogenic aerosols, which are absorbing fine-mode particles. The Imaginary part of the Refractive Index (IRI) was higher during the summer than during the winter, indicating there was absorbing aerosol during the summer. These differences in aerosol properties during the summer and winter episodes are discussed in terms of meteorological conditions and transport. The extreme values of PM and AOD were reached during both episodes in conditions with stable atmospheric stratification and low surface wind speed, which are conducive for the accumulation of pollutants. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis show that fine mode absorbing aerosols dominate during the summer season, mainly due to emissions of local and near-by sources. In the winter, part of the air masses was arriving from arid\/semi-arid regions (Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia provinces) covering long distances and transporting coarse particles to the study area, which increased the scattering characteristics of aerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T03:11:42Z","timestamp":1563419502000},"page":"1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contrasting Aerosol Optical Characteristics and Source Regions During Summer and Winter Pollution Episodes in Nanjing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6512-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1649-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Climate Research Programme, FI - 00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanqing","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13774","article-title":"High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China","volume":"514","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5131-2009","article-title":"Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. 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