{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:13:34Z","timestamp":1778976814912,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,20]],"date-time":"2019-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003981","name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-45-H.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-45-H.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a statistical model to evaluate the impact of the signal backscattered by low Earth orbiting (LEO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and received by GEO-stationary orbiting SAR. The model properly accounts for the bistatic backscatter, the number of LEO-SAR satellites and their duty cycles. The presence of many sun-synchronous, dawn-dusk satellites creates a 24 h periodic pattern in interference that should be considered in the acquisition plan of future geostationary SAR. The model, implemented by a numerical simulator, allows also the prediction of performance in future scenarios of many LEO-SAR. Examples and evaluations are made here for X band.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T02:55:37Z","timestamp":1563764137000},"page":"1720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["LEO to GEO-SAR Interferences: Modelling and Performance Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Leanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Monti-Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"di Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tomiyasu, K. (1978, January 15\u201319). Synthetic aperture radar in geosynchronous orbit. Proceedings of the Digest International IEEE Antennas Propagation Symposium, College Park, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, T., Hu, C., Ding, Z., Dong, X., Tian, W., and Zeng, T. (2018). Geosynchronous SAR: System and Signal Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7254-3"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Madsen, S.N., Chen, C., and Edelstein, W. (2002, January 24\u201328). Radar options for global earthquake monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7750","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2318171","article-title":"System Design for Geosynchronous Synthetic Aperture Radar Missions","volume":"52","author":"Hobbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1109\/36.729370","article-title":"Passive Geosynchronous SAR System Reusing Backscattered Digital Audio Broadcasting Signals","volume":"36","author":"Prati","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Piscataway"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2404214","article-title":"Advanced Radar Geosynchronous Observation System\u2013ARGOS","volume":"12","author":"Broquetas","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Monti Guarnieri, A., Hu, C., and Rocca, F. (2018). Performance and Requirements of GEO-SAR Systems in the Presence of Radio Frequency Interferences. J. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010082"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"National Academy of Sciences (2015). A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monti-Guarnieri, A., Giudici, D., and Recchia, A. (2017). Identification of C-Band Radio Frequency Interferences from Sentinel-1 Data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111183"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1088\/0959-7174\/13\/2\/306","article-title":"A study of the higher-order small-slope approximation for scattering from a Gaussian rough surface","volume":"13","author":"Gilbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Waves Random Media"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comite, D., Pierdicca, N., Ticconi, F., and Guerriero, L. (2018, January 8\u201313). On the Modeling of the Bistatic Coherent Scattering from a Rough Surface. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8609219"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.856116","article-title":"Current measurements by SAR along-track interferometry from a Space Shuttle","volume":"43","author":"Romeiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kelso, T.S. (2019, January 31). CelesTack. Available online: www.celestrack.com."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"ITU (2018, September 30). Radio Regulations Articles. Available online: http:\/\/search.itu.int\/history\/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary\/1.43.48.en.101.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:07:55Z","timestamp":1760188075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/14\/1720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,20]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11141720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11141720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,20]]}}}