{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:42:44Z","timestamp":1784713364553,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-derived spectral indices such as the relativized burn ratio (RBR) allow fire severity maps to be produced in a relatively straightforward manner across multiple fires and broad spatial extents. These indices often have strong relationships with field-based measurements of fire severity, thereby justifying their widespread use in management and science. However, satellite-derived spectral indices have been criticized because their non-standardized units render them difficult to interpret relative to on-the-ground fire effects. In this study, we built a Random Forest model describing a field-based measure of fire severity, the composite burn index (CBI), as a function of multiple spectral indices, a variable representing spatial variability in climate, and latitude. CBI data primarily representing forested vegetation from 263 fires (8075 plots) across the United States and Canada were used to build the model. Overall, the model performed well, with a cross-validated R2 of 0.72, though there was spatial variability in model performance. The model we produced allows for the direct mapping of CBI, which is more interpretable compared to spectral indices. Moreover, because the model and all spectral explanatory variables were produced in Google Earth Engine, predicting and mapping of CBI can realistically be undertaken on hundreds to thousands of fires. We provide all necessary code to execute the model and produce maps of CBI in Earth Engine. This study and its products will be extremely useful to managers and scientists in North America who wish to map fire effects over large landscapes or regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T10:44:51Z","timestamp":1563878691000},"page":"1735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Giving Ecological Meaning to Satellite-Derived Fire Severity Metrics across North American Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2982-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Parks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, 790 E. Beckwith Ave, Missoula, MT 59801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Holsinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, 790 E. Beckwith Ave, Missoula, MT 59801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8276-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Koontz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Lab, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-0925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment &amp; Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, PO Box 137, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Whitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320\u2013122 Street, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"Parisien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320\u2013122 Street, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Loehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service, Alaska Regional Office, 4175 Geist Rd., Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Bourdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences du bois et de la For\u00eat, Facult\u00e9 de Foresterie, de G\u00e9ographie et de G\u00e9omatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 2405, rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Protection des For\u00eats Contre le feu, 715 7e rue de l\u2019A\u00e9roport, Quebec City, QC G2G 2S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Forest Research, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, P.O. Box 8888, Centre-ville Station, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 3P8, Canada"},{"name":"Direction de la Recherche Foresti\u00e8re, Minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats, de la Faune et des Parcs du Qu\u00e9bec, 2700, rue Einstein, Quebec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, National Park Service, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Collingwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterton Lakes National Park, Parks Canada, 1 Compound Rd., Waterton Park, AB T0K 2M0, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7587-2140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320\u2013122 Street, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banff Field Unit, Banff National Park, Parks Canada, PO Box 900, Banff, AB T1L 1K2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Saperstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Smetanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Geomatics, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service, 106 Stable St, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Soverel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Self-Employed, 206-270 3rd St. West, North Vancouver, BC V7M 1G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Key, C.H., and Benson, N.C. (2006). 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