{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:05:17Z","timestamp":1761541517423,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]],"date-time":"2019-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WA 2135\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WA 2135\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology , Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["DBT\/IN\/German\/DFG\/14\/BVCR\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBT\/IN\/German\/DFG\/14\/BVCR\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral remote sensing is considered to be an effective tool in crop monitoring and estimation of biomass. Many of the previous approaches are from single year or single date measurements, even though the complete crop growth with multiple years would be required for an appropriate estimation of biomass. The aim of this study was to estimate the fresh matter biomass (FMB) by terrestrial hyperspectral imaging of the three crops (lablab, maize and finger millet) under different levels of nitrogen fertiliser and water supply. Further, the importance of the different spectral regions for the estimation of FMB was assessed. The study was conducted in two experimental layouts (rainfed (R) and irrigated (I)) at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India. Spectral images and the FMB were collected over three years (2016\u20132018) during the growing season of the crops. Random forest regression method was applied to build FMB models. R\u00b2 validation (R\u00b2val) and relative root mean square error prediction (rRMSEP) was used to evaluate the FMB models. The Generalised model (combination of R and I data) performed better for lablab (R\u00b2val = 0.53, rRMSEP = 13.9%), maize (R\u00b2val = 0.53, rRMSEP = 18.7%) and finger millet (R\u00b2val = 0.46, rRMSEP = 18%) than the separate FMB models for R and I. In the best derived model, the most important variables contributing to the estimation of biomass were in the wavelength ranges of 546\u2013910 nm (lablab), 750\u2013794 nm (maize) and 686\u2013814 nm (finger millet). The deviation of predicted and measured FMB did not differ much among the different levels of N and water supply. However, there was a trend of overestimation at the initial stage and underestimation at the later stages of crop growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T03:06:58Z","timestamp":1564369618000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multi-Temporal Monsoon Crop Biomass Estimation Using Hyperspectral Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Supriya","family":"Dayananda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universit\u00e4t Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Astor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universit\u00e4t Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2574-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayan","family":"Wijesingha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universit\u00e4t Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subbarayappa","family":"Chickadibburahalli Thimappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), GKVK, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanumanthappa","family":"Dimba Chowdappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All-India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry, University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), GKVK, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Mudalagiriyappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All-India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), GKVK, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rama Rao","family":"Nidamanuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695574, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Nautiyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological Economics and Natural Resources, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Dr. VKRV Rao Road, Nagarabhavi, Bengaluru 560072, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2840-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wachendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universit\u00e4t Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Indian Agriculture-Status, Importance and Role in Indian Economy","volume":"4","author":"Arjun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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