{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:58:11Z","timestamp":1773287891717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salt marshes are valuable ecosystems that are vulnerable to lateral erosion, submergence, and internal disintegration due to sea level rise, storms, and sediment deficits. Because many salt marshes are losing area in response to these factors, it is important to monitor their lateral extent at high resolution over multiple timescales. In this study we describe two methods to calculate the location of the salt marsh shoreline. The marsh edge from elevation data (MEED) method uses remotely sensed elevation data to calculate an objective proxy for the shoreline of a salt marsh. This proxy is the abrupt change in elevation that usually characterizes the seaward edge of a salt marsh, designated the \u201cmarsh scarp.\u201d It is detected as the maximum slope along a cross-shore transect between mean high water and mean tide level. The method was tested using lidar topobathymetric and photogrammetric elevation data from Massachusetts, USA. The other method to calculate the salt marsh shoreline is the marsh edge by image processing (MEIP) method which finds the unvegetated\/vegetated line. This method applies image classification techniques to multispectral imagery and elevation datasets for edge detection. The method was tested using aerial imagery and coastal elevation data from the Plum Island Estuary in Massachusetts, USA. Both methods calculate a line that closely follows the edge of vegetation seen in imagery. The two methods were compared to each other using high resolution unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) data, and to a heads-up digitized shoreline. The root-mean-square deviation was 0.6 meters between the two methods, and less than 0.43 meters from the digitized shoreline. The MEIP method was also applied to a lower resolution dataset to investigate the effect of horizontal resolution on the results. Both methods provide an accurate, efficient, and objective way to track salt marsh shorelines with spatially intensive data over large spatial scales, which is necessary to evaluate geomorphic change and wetland vulnerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T11:37:07Z","timestamp":1564573027000},"page":"1795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Identifying Salt Marsh Shorelines from Remotely Sensed Elevation Data and Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4668-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy S.","family":"Farris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zafer","family":"Defne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}]},{"given":"Neil K.","family":"Ganju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2006). UNEP Annual Report, United Nations Environmental Program."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepard, C.C., Crain, C.M., and Beck, M.W. (2011). The Protective Role of Coastal Marshes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027374"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chmura, G.L., Anisfeld, S.C., Cahoon, D.R., and Lynch, J.C. (2003). Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 17.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GB001917"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.03.007","article-title":"Productivity and nutrient cycling in salt marshes: Contribution to ecosystem health","volume":"87","author":"Sousa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2251","article-title":"Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kudella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163930","article-title":"Centuries of Human-Driven Change in Salt Marsh Ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Gedan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12856","article-title":"Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise","volume":"504","author":"Kirwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11533","article-title":"Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss","volume":"490","author":"Deegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.01137.x","article-title":"Role of crab herbivory in die-off of New England salt marshes","volume":"23","author":"Holdredge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1890\/070219","article-title":"Forecasting the effects of accelerated sea-level rise on tidal marsh ecosystem services","volume":"7","author":"Craft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-013-9654-8","article-title":"Declining Sediments and Rising Seas: An Unfortunate Convergence for Tidal Wetlands","volume":"37","author":"Weston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14156","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14156","article-title":"Spatially integrative metrics reveal hidden vulnerability of microtidal salt marshes","volume":"8","author":"Ganju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0594.1","article-title":"Below the disappearing marshes of an urban estuary: Historic nitrogen trends and soil structure","volume":"24","author":"Wigand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, J.D., and Porturas, L.D. (2014). Herbivore impacts on marsh production depend upon a compensatory continuum mediated by salinity stress. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110419"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Defne, Z., and Ganju, N.K. (2019, June 24). Unvegetated to Vegetated Marsh Ratio in Plum Island Estuary and Parker River Salt Marsh Complex, Massachusetts, Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/item\/5b622a13e4b006a11f6f84c5."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-09-00117.1","article-title":"Analyzing estuarine shoreline change: A case study of Cedar Island, North Carolina","volume":"26","author":"Cowart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9841-2","article-title":"Rates and Forcing of Marsh Edge Erosion in a Shallow Coastal Bay","volume":"38","author":"McLoughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-14-00127.1","article-title":"Shoreline Change in the New River Estuary, North Carolina: Rates and Consequences","volume":"31","author":"Currin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"14","article-title":"National Ocean Service Shoreline\u2014Past, Present, and Future","volume":"19","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, S. (October, January 29). Utilization of LIDAR and NOAA\u2019s vertical datum transformation tool (VDatum) for shoreline delineation. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2007, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2007.4449147"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-10-00188.1","article-title":"Vertical accuracy and use of topographic LIDAR data in coastal marshes","volume":"27","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, A., and Wang, Y. (2019). High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing for Salt Marsh Mapping and Change Analysis at Fire Island National Seashore. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091107"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2011.05.006","article-title":"Automatic detection of shoreline change on coastal Ramsar wetlands of Turkey","volume":"38","author":"Kuleli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.08.005","article-title":"Tracking tidal inundation in a coastal salt marsh with Helikite airphotos: Influence of hydrology on ecological zonation at Crab Haul Creek, South Carolina","volume":"184","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"17","article-title":"Accuracy of shoreline change rates as determined from maps and aerial photographs","volume":"59","author":"Anders","year":"1991","journal-title":"Shore Beach"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"839","article-title":"Historical Shoreline Change: Error Analysis and Mapping Accuracy","volume":"7","author":"Crowell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.2112\/1551-5036(2004)20[884:MSPUAL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mapping Shoreline Position Using Airborne Laser Altimetry","volume":"20","author":"Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.2112\/04-0401.1","article-title":"Comparing Mean High Water and High Water Line Shorelines: Should Proxy-Datum Offsets be Incorporated into Shoreline Change Analysis?","volume":"22","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2112\/08-1051.1","article-title":"Improving Accuracy and Statistical Reliability of Shoreline Position and Change Rate Estimates","volume":"25","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"502","article-title":"Estimation of Shoreline Position and Change Using Airborne Topographic Lidar Data","volume":"18","author":"Stockdon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, K.M., List, J.H., and Morgan, K.L. (2005). An Operational Mean High Water Datum for Determination of Shoreline Position from Topographic Lidar Data.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20051027"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2112\/SI_62_7","article-title":"Lidar-derived national shoreline: Empirical and stochastic uncertainty analyses","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farris, A.S., Weber, K.M., Doran, K.S., and List, J.H. (2018). Comparing Methods Used by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program for Deriving Shoreline Position from Lidar Data.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20181121"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himmelstoss, E.A., Henderson, R.E., Kratzmann, M.G., and Farris, A.S. (2018). Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Version 5.0 User Guide.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20181179"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, A.E., and Richmond, B.M. (2015). National Assessment of Shoreline Change\u2014Historical Shoreline Change Along the North Coast of Alaska, US\u2013Canadian Border to Icy Cape.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20151048"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himmelstoss, E.A., Kratzmann, M.G., Hapke, C., Thieler, E.R., and List, J. (2010). The National Assessment of Shoreline Change: A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines and Associated Shoreline Change Data for the New England and Mid-Atlantic Coasts.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20101119"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kratzmann, M.G., Himmelstoss, E.A., Ruggiero, P., Thieler, E.R., and Reid, D. (2010). The National Assessment of Shoreline Shange\u2014A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines and Associated Shoreline Change Data for the Pacific Northwest Coast.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20101119"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2307\/1351966","article-title":"The Relationship of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) to Tidal Datums: A Review","volume":"11","author":"McKee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR018318","article-title":"A global analysis of the seaward salt marsh extent: The importance of tidal range","volume":"52","author":"Balke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"7","article-title":"Tidal Salt Marsh Morphodynamics: A Synthesis","volume":"17","author":"Friedrichs","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001326","article-title":"A numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats","volume":"115","author":"Mariotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagherazzi, S., Kirwan, M.L., Mudd, S.M., Guntenspergen, G.R., Temmerman, S., D\u2019Alpaos, A., Koppel, J., Rybczyk, J.M., Reyes, E., and Craft, C. (2012). Numerical models of salt marsh evolution: Ecological, geomorphic, and climatic factors. Rev. Geophys., 50.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000359"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1086\/426602","article-title":"Self-Organization and Vegetation Collapse in Salt Marsh Ecosystems","volume":"165","author":"Bakker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2307\/1310341","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Coastal Wetlands","volume":"36","author":"Hardisky","year":"1986","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6286","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.800656","article-title":"Remote sensing of emergent and submerged wetlands: An overview","volume":"34","author":"Klemas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"303","article-title":"Wetland mapping in New Jersey and New York","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"1978","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, F.C., and LaRoe, E.T. (1979). Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4108"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Dahl, T.E. (2011). Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 2004 to 2009."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, M., Li, J., Sheng, C., Xu, J., and Wu, L. (2017). A Review of Wetland Remote Sensing. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040777"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., and Artigas, F.J. (2009). Mapping salt marsh vegetation by integrating hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420094428-c8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballanti, L., Byrd, B.K., Woo, I., and Ellings, C. (2017). Remote Sensing for Wetland Mapping and Historical Change Detection at the Nisqually River Delta. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9111919"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1373602","article-title":"Object-based classification of wetland vegetation using very high-resolution unmanned air system imagery","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2006.01461.x","article-title":"Distribution of salt marsh plant communities associated with environmental factors along a latitudinal gradient on SW Atlantic coast","volume":"33","author":"Isaach","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2014.947838","article-title":"Mapping salt-marsh land-cover vegetation using high-spatial and hyperspectral satellite data to assist wetland inventory","volume":"51","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12187","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212187","article-title":"Improved Wetland Classification Using Eight-Band High Resolution Satellite Imagery and a Hybrid Approach","volume":"6","author":"Lane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2014.913272","article-title":"Effects of class granularity and cofactors on the performance of unsupervised classification of wetlands using multi-spectral aerial photography","volume":"59","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JG004358","article-title":"Lateral Marsh Edge Erosion as a Source of Sediments for Vertical Marsh Accretion","volume":"123","author":"Hopkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219600110","article-title":"Critical width of tidal flats triggers marsh collapse in the absence of sea-level rise","volume":"110","author":"Mariotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"OCM Partners (2017, March 23). U.S. Geological Survey CMGP LiDAR: Post Sandy (MA, NH, RI), Available online: https:\/\/inport.nmfs.noaa.gov\/inport\/item\/49846."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey (2017, April 13). High Resolution Orthoimagery, Available online: http:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ganju, N.K., Brosnahan, S.M., Sturdivant, E.J., Pendleton, E.A., and Ackerman, S.D. (2019). Aerial Imagery from Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Flights\u2014Plum Island Estuary and Parker River NWR (PIEPR)."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00367-016-0435-9","article-title":"Drones as tools for monitoring beach topography changes in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean)","volume":"36","author":"Casella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geo-Mar. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133313515293","article-title":"Mapping landslide displacements using Structure from Motion (SfM) and image correlation of multi-temporal UAV photography","volume":"38","author":"Lucieer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-16-00095.1","article-title":"New Techniques to Measure Cliff Change from Historical Oblique Aerial Photographs and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry","volume":"33","author":"Warrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturdivant, J.E., Lentz, E.E., Thieler, E.R., Farris, S.A., Weber, M.K., Remsen, P.D., Miner, S., and Henderson, E.R. (2017). UAS-SfM for Coastal Research: Geomorphic Feature Extraction and Land Cover Classification from High-Resolution Elevation and Optical Imagery. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101020"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.018","article-title":"Accuracy assessment and correction of a LIDAR-derived salt marsh digital elevation model","volume":"121","author":"Hladik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2112\/SI76-010","article-title":"Assessment of elevation uncertainty in salt marsh environments using discrete-return and full-waveform lidar","volume":"33","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodansky, E., Gribov, A., and Pilouk, M. (2002). Smoothing and Compression of Lines Obtained by Raster-to-Vector Conversion. Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45868-9_22"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Ball, G.H., and Hall, D.J. (1965). ISODATA, A Novel Method of Data Analysis and Pattern Classification, SRI International."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., and Dubes, R.C. (1988). Algorithms for Clustering Data, Prentice hall."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Farris, A.S. (2018). Marsh Shorelines of the Massachusetts Coast from 2013\u20132014 Topographic Lidar Data."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-09-00101.1","article-title":"Salt Marsh Geomorphological Analyses via Integration of Multitemporal Multispectral Remote Sensing with LIDAR and GIS","volume":"26","author":"Millette","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-6-239-2018","article-title":"Unsupervised detection of salt marsh platforms: A topographic method","volume":"6","author":"Goodwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508379103","article-title":"Critical bifurcation of shallow microtidal landforms in tidal flats and salt marshes","volume":"103","author":"Fagherazzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Defina, A., Carniello, L., Fagherazzi, S., and D\u2019Alpaos, L. (2007). Self-organization of shallow basins in tidal flats and salt marshes. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000550"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/15\/1795\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:11:37Z","timestamp":1760188297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/15\/1795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11151795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11151795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]}}}