{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:03:38Z","timestamp":1772805818400,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41705008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41705008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Millimeter wave cloud radar (MMCR) is one of the primary instruments employed to observe cloud\u2013precipitation. With appropriate data processing, measurements of the Doppler spectra, spectral moments, and retrievals can be used to study the physical processes of cloud\u2013precipitation. This study mainly analyzed the vertical structures and microphysical characteristics of different kinds of convective cloud\u2013precipitation in South China during the pre-flood season using a vertical pointing Ka-band MMCR. Four kinds of convection, namely, multi-cell, isolated-cell, convective\u2013stratiform mixed, and warm-cell convection, are discussed herein. The results show that the multi-cell and convective\u2013stratiform mixed convections had similar vertical structures, and experienced nearly the same microphysical processes in terms of particle phase change, particle size distribution, hydrometeor growth, and breaking. A forward pattern was proposed to specifically characterize the vertical structure and provide radar spectra models reflecting the different microphysical and dynamic features and variations in different parts of the cloud body. Vertical air motion played key roles in the microphysical processes of the isolated- and warm-cell convections, and deeply affected the ground rainfall properties. Stronger, thicker, and slanted updrafts caused heavier showers with stronger rain rates and groups of larger raindrops. The microphysical parameters for the warm-cell cloud\u2013precipitation were retrieved from the radar data and further compared with the ground-measured results from a disdrometer. The comparisons indicated that the radar retrievals were basically reliable; however, the radar signal weakening caused biases to some extent, especially for the particle number concentration. Note that the differences in sensitivity and detectable height of the two instruments also contributed to the compared deviation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1564659577000},"page":"1810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Study of Vertical Structures and Microphysical Characteristics of Different Convective Cloud\u2013Precipitation Types Using Ka-Band Millimeter Wave Radar Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Yuzhang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-17-0035.1","article-title":"Examining polarimetric radar observations of bulk microphysical structures and their relation to vortex kinematics in hurricane Arthur (2014)","volume":"145","author":"Didlake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mon. 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