{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T16:48:24Z","timestamp":1772902104160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,4]],"date-time":"2019-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Program for Key Scienti\ufb01c Research in the University of Henan Province","award":["18A170002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18A170002"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of CMA\u00b7Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique","award":["AMF201809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMF201809"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0600103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0500201-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0500201-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dynamics of surface water play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and are sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic activities, especially for the agricultural zone. As one of the most populous areas in China\u2019s river basins, the surface water in the Huai River Basin has significant impacts on agricultural plants, ecological balance, and socioeconomic development. However, it is unclear how water areas responded to climate change and anthropogenic water exploitation in the past decades. To understand the changes in water surface areas in the Huai River Basin, this study used the available 16,760 scenes Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI images in this region from 1989 to 2017 and processed the data on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The vegetation index and water index were used to quantify the spatiotemporal variability of the surface water area changes over the years. The major results include: (1) The maximum area, the average area, and the seasonal variation of surface water in the Huai River Basin showed a downward trend in the past 29 years, and the year-long surface water areas showed a slight upward trend; (2) the surface water area was positively correlated with precipitation (p &lt; 0.05), but was negatively correlated with the temperature and evapotranspiration; (3) the changes of the total area of water bodies were mainly determined by the 216 larger water bodies (&gt;10 km2). Understanding the variations in water body areas and the controlling factors could support the designation and implementation of sustainable water management practices in agricultural, industrial, and domestic usages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T03:25:22Z","timestamp":1564975522000},"page":"1824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Changes in Water Surface Area during 1989\u20132017 in the Huai River Basin using Landsat Data and Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0106-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoming","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Planning, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Urban-Rural Coordinated Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Planning, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Urban-Rural Coordinated Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaochen","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Planning, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Urban-Rural Coordinated Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaoping","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Planning, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Urban-Rural Coordinated Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongquan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Planning, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Urban-Rural Coordinated Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Planning, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Urban-Rural Coordinated Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6287-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingmin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015: Water for a Sustainable World","volume":"4","author":"Amprako","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Food J. 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