{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T22:08:53Z","timestamp":1761948533566,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105-2221-E-008-056-MY3","107-2111-M-008-036","105-2221-E-008-056-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-2221-E-008-056-MY3","107-2111-M-008-036","105-2221-E-008-056-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zayed University RIF Grant","award":["R17036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R17036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study utilizes remote sensing imagery, a differential averaging technique and empirical formulas (the \u2018Liou\u2013Liu formulas\u2019) to investigate three consecutive sets of dual-vortex interactions between four cyclonic events and their neighboring environmental air flows in the Northwest Pacific Ocean during the 2017 typhoon season. The investigation thereby deepens the current understanding of interactions involving multiple simultaneous\/sequential cyclone systems. Triple interactions between Noru\u2013Kulap\u2013Nesat and Noru\u2013Nesat\u2013Haitung were analyzed using geosynchronous satellite infrared (IR1) and IR3 water vapor (WV) images. The differential averaging technique based on the normalized difference convection index (NDCI) operator and filter depicted differences and generated a new set of clarified NDCI images. During the first set of dual-vortex interactions, Typhoon Noru experienced an increase in intensity and a U-turn in its direction after being influenced by adjacent cooler air masses and air flows. Noru\u2019s track change led to Fujiwhara-type rotation with Tropical Storm Kulap approaching from the opposite direction. Kulap weakened and merged with Noru, which tracked in a counter-clockwise loop. Thereafter, in spite of a distance of 2000\u20132500 km separating Typhoon Noru and newly-formed Typhoon Nesat, the influence of middle air flows and jet flows caused an \u2018indirect interaction\u2019 between these typhoons. Evidence of this second interaction includes the intensification of both typhoons and changing track directions. The third interaction occurred subsequently between Tropical Storm Haitang and Typhoon Nesat. Due to their relatively close proximity, a typical Fujiwhara effect was observed when the two systems began orbiting cyclonically. The generalized Liou\u2013Liu formulas for calculating threshold distances between typhoons successfully validated and quantified the trilogy of interaction events. Through the unusual and combined effects of the consecutive dual-vortex interactions, Typhoon Noru survived 22 days from 19 July to 9 August 2017 and migrated approximately 6900 km. Typhoon Noru consequently became the third longest-lasting typhoon on record for the Northwest Pacific Ocean. A comparison is made with long-lived Typhoon Rita in 1972, which also experienced similar multiple Fujiwhara interactions with three other concurrent typhoons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T10:56:38Z","timestamp":1565175398000},"page":"1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Consecutive Dual-Vortex Interactions between Quadruple Typhoons Noru, Kulap, Nesat and Haitang during the 2017 North Pacific Typhoon Season"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8100-5529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuei-An","family":"Liou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ji-Chyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chung-Chih","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, and Natural Sciences Teaching Center, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, No.1, Xinxing Rd., Xinfeng, Hsinchu 30401, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Intelligence Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Kim-Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, P.O. Box 19282, Dubai, UAE"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.887145","article-title":"Satellite data analysis of the upper ocean response to hurricanes Katrina and Rita (2005) in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"4","author":"Gierach","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"unstructured":"Terry, J.P. (2007). Tropical Cyclones: Climatology and Impacts in the South Pacific, Springer.","key":"ref_2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2008.2007658","article-title":"Interaction of hurricane Katrina with optically complex water in the Gulf of Mexico: Interpretation using satellite-derived inherent optical properties and chlorophyll concentration","volume":"6","author":"Acker","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. 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